Transcript Europe*Modern History

Bellringer for 10/9/12
 What characteristics are needed for something to be
considered modern?
 3-5 sentences
Chapter 5
Section 1
A Rapidly Changing World
 The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in
the 1700s.
 This was a time when people used machinery and new
methods to increase productivity
 Productivity a measure of how much work can be
done in a certain length of time.
Reasons for Industrial Revolution
 Ready supply of natural resources
 Coal and iron
 Needed to make and run machinery
 Supply of raw materials
 Wool and imported cotton
 Supply of people
 Human resources could run machines
Major Industries
 Textiles woven cloth
 First industry to use factories
 textiles has previously been a cottage industry
 Cottage industry family members supplied their own
equipment to make goods.
 Thomas Newcomen
 Invented steam engine in early 1700s
 James Watt
 Invented a more efficient steam engine
 Used for textile mills, riverboats and locomotives
Changing Lifestyles
 Industrial workers, including women and children,
had to work long hours, often under dangerous
conditions
 Eventually workers formed groups called unions
 Unions spoke for all the workers in a factory of
industry and bargained for better working conditions,
higher pay, and a shorter working day
 Strike workers refuse to work until their demands
were met.
Rivalry Between Nations
 Imperialism
 European nations claimed colonies in Africa and Asia
 Nations built up armies and navies to protect their
empires
 Alliances were formed.
Bellringer 10/10/12
 World War I was called the “war to end all wars”. Why
do you think this is the case?
 3-5 sentences
World War I
 1914 war broke out
 Known as “The Great War” or World War I
 Tanks, heavy artillery, machine guns, air planes
New Problems Arise
 After the war, millions were homeless and hungry
 Germany was blamed for starting the war and was
asked to pay for much of it
Communism
 A revolution in Russia in 1917 led to a new political,
economic, and social system called Communism
 Based on teachings of Karl Marx
 Industrialization had created 2 social classes
 Those who owned the means to produce goods
 Those who worked to produce goods
 He felt this system was unfair and needed to be
overthrown
World War II
 1930s, a world wide depression
 Germany had become a dictatorship
 Led by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers
Party
 Its members, called Nazis, believed in German superiority
 By 1939 war had broken out
 Axis Powers
 Germany
 Italy
 Japan
 Allied Powers
 Great Britain
 France
 China
World War II
 In 1941, the United States and Soviet Union joined the
Allies in the war that became known as World War II.
 During the war, Hitler carried out the Holocaust
 12 million people killed
 6 million Jews
 Gypsies, Poles, and individuals with disabilities also
executed.
 Genocide mass murder of people because of race,
religion, ethnicity, politics, or culture
World War II
 Italy surrendered in 1943
 Germany was defeated in May 1945
 August 1945, U.S. dropped two atomic bombs on
Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki
 United States and Soviet Union emerged as super
powers.
Bellringer for 10/11/12
 What was the Holocaust and why was it such a bad
event?
 3-5 sentences
Section 2
The Cold War
 Cold War
 The global competition between the United States and
its democratic allies against the Communist Soviet
Union and its supporters
 Nuclear weapons
 Use atomic reactions to release enormous power and can
cause mass destruction.
 This was called a “cold war” because the countries
never mobilized armies in an official war
The Cold War
 Marshall Plan
 1948
 The U.S. started a loan program
 Goals




Help rebuild Europe
Stop the spread of Communism
Reopen mines
Repair and replace roads
Western Europe Cooperates
 Truman Doctrine
 1948
 U.S. offers military aid to countries such as Greece and
Turkey that were fighting communism inside their
borders
Western Europe Cooperates
 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
 Every country in NATO agreed to treat an attack on any
other member as an attack on itself
 The NATO countries believed that the Soviet Union
would not attack Western Europe because this could
trigger a nuclear war with the United States
Benelux Trade Union
 Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg joined an
alliance in 1948
 Promoted free movement of money, goods, and people
European Coal and Steel
Community
 West Germany, France, and Italy joined the Benelux
countries to form the European Coal and Steel
Community
 1958 this became the European Economic Community
 Also called the Common Market
 Members agreed to free trade amongst themselves
 No tariffs to block trade
European Union
 Between 1958 and 1986 these countries joined
 Denmark
 United Kingdom
 Ireland
 Spain
 Portugal
 Greece
Soviets Control Eastern Europe
 The Soviet Union made satellite nations of those
bordering it
 Satellite nations dependent upon a stronger power
 Bulgaria, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland,
and Easter Germany
 Each strictly controlled by the Soviets
The Soviet Union
 To counter NATO, the Soviets formed its satellites into
an anti-Western military alliance known as the
Warsaw Pact in 1955
 This was named after the Polish capital in which the
alliance was signed
The Cold War
 Hot Spots of the Cold War
 China
 Korea
 Cuba
 Vietnam
A Divided Berlin
 At the end of WWII, the Allies occupied Germany and
it was divided into four occupation zones
 Soviet Union controlled the eastern part
 Allies controlled other 3 parts
 In 1948, in an effort to promote peace and German
recovery, the U.S., Great Britain, and France united
their occupation zones
 Soviets were against any plan that united or helped the
Germans
A Divided Berlin
 June 1948
 Soviets blockaded all land and water traffic into the
western part of Berline
 U.S. and Great Britain began an airlift

Airlift system of carrying supplies into West Berlin by
airplane
 The Soviet blockade ended after 11 months
 Bonn will become the capital of West Germany
 East Berlin will be the capital of East Germany
The Berlin Wall
 Many people under East German rule were unhappy
with the communist government
 3 million people fled to West Berlin in search of
political freedom and better living conditions
 August 1961, the government built a 103 mil wall
between East and West Berlin
Freedom for Eastern Europe
 During the Cold War, the economies of Eastern
Europe began to suffer
 1985
 Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet
Union


He loosened government control over the people and satellite
nations
These reforms unleashed a desire for independence
Freedom for Eastern Europe
 The first successful challenge to communist rule came
in Poland
 1989, Polish communists lost power as a result of a
democratic election
 In East Germany, massive protests caused the
countries communist government to resign
 The Berlin Wall came down in 1990
 Soviet Union officially broke up on December 25, 1991
Freedom for Independence
 Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia also broke up
 Yugoslavia became…
 Slovenia
 Croatia
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Macedonia
 Serbia and Montenegro
 Czechoslovakia became…
 Czech Republic
 Slovakia
Section 3
The New Europe
 The Common Market officially became the European Union in 1993
 1993 members included
 United Kingdom
 Ireland
 France
 Luxembourg
 Spain
 Portugal
 Denmark
 The Netherlands
 Belgium
 Germany
 Italy
 Greece
The New Europe
 Members added in 1995
 Austria
 Finland
 Sweden
 2004 ten additional countries added
 The goal of some in the EU is to created a United
States of Europe
 Euro common currency
Continued Cooperation
 European Atomic Energy Community (EUROTOM)
 Treaty on nuclear energy
 High speed rail systems
NATO’s New Rule
 Russia is now a limited partner in NATO
 NATO has taken on peace keeping tasks
 Now members are trained to respond to terrorist
threats
 2003
 The U.S. war on Iraq strained tensions as France and
Germany opposed the war