Transcript World War II chpt 10, sec 1x

World War II
Chapter 10, Section 1
Problems Following World War I
and Peace Agreement at Versailles
• Of 27 nations present, only Britain, France and
the United States had a real say in important
decisions.
• Italy and Japan wanted more land for their
sacrifices
• War had left bitterness, anger, frustration, and
desire for revenge
Totalitarianism
• A theory of government in which a single party or
leader controls the economic, social, and cultural
lives of its people.
• 20th century phenomenon
• More extreme than a simple dictatorship
• Characteristics: uses police, terror, spies to
enforce power of state; govt. control over media;
use of propaganda; uses schools and youth
organizations to spread ideology; strict
censorship of political rivals
• Why was it able to take hold?
1. destruction and bitterness left from WW I
2. desperation caused by Great Depression
Stalin’s rule was a “holocaust of fear” that “victimized
tens of millions of people for twenty-five years.”
Joseph Stalin “Man of Steel”
• 1920s: Launched a massive drive to transform
Soviet industry and agriculture. Ordered
collectivization of small farms into huge communal
ones. Civil war resulted in deaths of 5-8 million and
another 7 mil. from famine (deliberate act of genocide
on Ukrainians)
• Imprisoned over 28 million Soviet citizens in forced
labor camps – over 2 mill. died
• Used fear and propaganda to keep power
• The Great Terror – 1936-1939: Executed most of the
high officers of the Red Army, the Communist Party,
economic ministries, minority nationalities
Why? Paranoia and thirst for power
Commanded the arrests, show trials and executions
Number killed from this bet. 1927-1938: 10 million
• Ethnic cleansing: Deported 400,000 Volga Germans to
Siberia – fear they would support the invading German
armies
• Deported a million Chechens, Crimean Tatars, Balkars,
Kalmiks, and Turks from homelands alleging they had
collaborated with Germans. Transported in sealed
boxcars, no fresh air, food, sanitation or medical care –
40% died along the way, those who resisted were shot.
Ordered execution of 22,000 Poles (4,000 army
officers)
• After the war:
• number of prisoners in camps rose by 1 mil.
• fierce attacks on creative artists
• deportations of Moldavian and Ukrainian populations
• anti-semitic campaigns
• 4 mil. Foreign POWs in camps, many died before
repatriation which took 10 years
Il Duce –
“the leader”
of Italy,
founder of
Fascist Party,
and partner
with Hitler
Benito Mussolini
1.
2.
3.
4.
• Conditions in Italy
Italy did not get land along Adriatic coast
after WW I.
Economic depression after war
Communist movement growing
Government seemed weak and inept
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
• How did he acquire power?
Promoted nationalism and promised to make
Italy great again – a new Roman Empire
King of Italy feared a revolution, asked
Mussolini to form a government
Took over the army
Took over the press
Created a secret police
Organized youth groups and indoctrinated
them
Suppressed strikes
Opposed liberalism and socialism
Mussolini’s
Empire before
World War II
begins
Guernica – by Pablo Picasso
Depicts bombing of Spanish village by German
and Italian planes assisting Franco in Spanish
Civil War. Hitler and Mussolini helped in war to
test out their new military equipment and
tactics.
Black Shirts – followers
of Mussolini. Fought
in streets against
socialists and
communists
Mussolini and his lover
hung up in Milan after being
shot. The bodies will later
be spit on, stoned, and
trampled. Reason why
Hitler asked to have his body
burned after he shot himself.
Adolph Hitler's Rise to Power
Conditions in Germany
1. Germans resented Versailles Peace Treaty
after W.W. I
2. Economy a mess - terrible inflation
3. Weak, ineffective government, many
different parties (24), unable to organize
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Steps Taken by Hitler to Achieve Third Reich
offered simple, clear message, glorification of
Germany - Third Reich, Master Race
blamed Jews for Germany's problems
(scapegoats), mass rallies of hate and glory
excellent propaganda methods - controlled
media
ended depression with massive public-works
projects, and rearmament
Nullified (rejected) the terms of the Treaty of
Versailles – builds up military
set up new German Christian Church (church
served Master Race) - "Heil Hitler“ replaces
"God be with you."
7. state-controlled education
8. indoctrinated the youth
9. silenced any opposition – secret police
10. set up concentration camps - Jews, gypsies,
Slavs, communists, anti-Nazis, physical/
mental defectives tortured and killed
11. formed alliance with Italy and Japan (Axis
powers)
12. Called for expansion “Lebensraum” (living
space) invaded Rhineland, Austria, Sudetenland,
Czechoslovakia, Poland
13. World War II begins with invasion of Poland
Mein Kampf – “My Struggle”
*His explanation for problems
facing Germany and who was
to blame – primarily the Jews
and communists.
*National bestseller
*Blueprint of his hatred and
plans for world domination.
*No one outside of Germany
took him seriously yet.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm
ons/d/d1/World_War_II_Casualties.svg
Chart showing number killed in WW II from each country
Japan
Military gains power in Japan – calls for expansionism
throughout Asia to solve Japan’s economic problems.
Japan did not become a totalitarian dictatorship continued as constitutional monarchy with weak emperor
and a military government under Tojo.
Japan attacks Manchuria – becomes
a puppet state.
Attacks mainland China and
then capital city of Nanjing brutal murder & rape 200,000
“The Rape of Nanjing”
Bombing of Shanghai
Policy of Appeasement
• Granting concessions to a potential enemy in the
hope that they will maintain peace.
• France, Britain and the US hoped Hitler and
Mussolini would be satisfied with their
acquisitions.
• Appeasement only made the fascist leaders
bolder and more aggressive.
• Why did they do it?
1) WW I was so horrible – did not want another
2) Believed Soviet Union posed greater threat – A
strong Germany provided a buffer against Soviets
3) Questioned the resolve of their own people
The Munich Pact – 1938
To preserve peace, the British and
French allowed Hitler to take the
Sudetenland. “Peace for our time” –
they were wrong – Hitler took all of
Czechoslovakia and war began in 11
months