Transcript A World of Change - Northview High School

A World of Change
The West Between the Wars
11.7 Students analyze America’s participation in
World War II
11.7.1 Examine the origins of American involvement
in the war, with an emphasis on the events that
precipitated the attack on Pearl Harbor
11.7.4 Analyze Roosevelt’s foreign policy during
World War II (e.g. Four Freedoms speech)
1
After the Great War
(After World War I)
• Treaty of Versailles
– Created League of Nations
• Weak due to United States not joining
– Demanded Germany Pay Allied Forces for
damages
• France demanded that Germany pay them 132 billion
marks = 33 billion U.S. Dollars
2
Money Troubles
• France demanded money from Germany
– Germany did not have the money
– France took over the Ruhr Valley, which had
mines and industry, as supplemental payment
• Germany started to print money to pay
France
– This caused inflation
Money Does not grow on trees,
so Germany just printed money instead
3
Money Troubles Continued
Rate of Inflation
Year
German Mark
U.S. Dollar
1914
4.2
1
1919
9
1
1922
500
1
1923
(January)
18,000
1
1923 (July)
350,000
1
1923
(August)
5,000,000 (5 million)
1
1923
(November)
4,200,000,000,000 (4.2
trillion)
1
4
-Women would burn
money because it was
cheaper than firewood
-Children would
play with money
like it was a toy
-It would cost thousands
of marks to mail a letter
-People would be
paid three times
a day and carry
money in trunks
or barrels
5
Solution to the Problem
• Dawes Plan
– America loaned Germany money to pay France
– $200 million loaned to Germany
• The Treaty of Locarno
– Guaranteed Germany’s new western boarders
6
Problems to the Solution
• Circular Borrowing
1
4
1 - US to Germany
2 - Germany to France
3 - France to England
4 - England to US
7
The Cycle is Broken
• The Stock Market Crash (1929)
– Leads to Great Depression in United States
• Leads to World Wide Depression
• Effects of Depression
– Government Involvement in business
– Renewed interest in Marxist doctrines and
Communism
– Lead people to follow Political Leaders with
simple solutions = Dictatorship = Fascism
8
America’s Stance
• In America
– FDR focused on the New Deal
– Pushed for disarmament
• Kellog-Briand Act - called for diplomacy instead of war
– Moral Embargo
• FDR asked business to stop selling goods to Italy
• Business said NO
The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes
• Fascism: a system of government
that stresses nationalism and places
interest of the state above the
individual
• Characteristics of Fascism
– Dictatorial, one party rule
– Individual rights denied
– Supremacy of the state
– Fervent nationalism - pride of one’s
nation
– Scapegoating - blaming someone else
for the problems
10
Fascist Party in Italy
• Lead by Benito Mussolini
• Kind of totalitarian state
– Definition: Government that aims to control the
political, economical, social, intellectual, and
cultural lives of its citizens
– Lead by Single Leader and Single Political Party
• Mussolini Aligns with Adolf Hitler
11
America’s Stance
• Response to Italy
– Neutrality Act
• America could not travel to countries at war
• America would not lend money to countries at war
• America could not sell arms to countries at war
Fascism in Russia
• Lead by Joseph Stalin
• Created a Communist Party
• Stalin arranged for millions of people to be killed
if they opposed the government (The Great
Purges)
• An era of economic, social, and political
revolutions
– Five Year Plan
•
•
•
•
Focus on economy
Government took control of farms (collectivization)
Government took control of armaments
Government took control of capital goods
13
Fascism in Spain
• Lead by Francisco Franco
• Spanish Military revolted against Government
– Caused Civil War
– Assisted by Hitler and Mussolini
• Franco’s dictatorship is an authoritarian
regime
14
America’s Stance
• Response to Spain and Russia
Remain Neutral
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this pict ure.
Hitler and Nazi Germany
• Nazi Party emerged after WWI
– German Workers’ Party  National
Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi)
• Hitler organized Beer Hall Putsch
– Revolt against the government
– Hitler was arrested, put into jail
– wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) while in
jail
• Hitler becomes Chancellor legally
– He was VOTED into office
16
Change in Germany
• Economic Change
– Public work projects and grants to recover from
Depression
• Government Control of Public Institutions
– Churches and all types of schools were under
government control and told to support Hitler
17
Changes in Germany Continued
• Anti-Semitic Policies
– Hatred towards Jews
– Not defined by religion, but by ethnicity
– Nuremberg Laws  excluded Jews from German
citizenship
• Jew was defined if you had a Jewish grandparent
• Marriage between Germans and Jews was forbidden
• Jews required to wear a yellow star and identification
cards
18
Kristallnacht
• Kristallnacht = “Night of Broken Glass”
• Destruction against Jews by Nazi Germans
– November 9, 1938
– Nazis burned Synagogues (Jewish places of
worship)
– Nazis destroyed at least 7,000 businesses
– At least 100 Jews were killed
– 30,000 male Jews were taken to
concentration camps
19
World War II
The Paths to War
20
Paths to War
Country Aggression
• Japan invades Manchuria in 1931
– Nanjing “raped” in 1937
• Mussolini invades Ethiopia
– Denounced by the League of Nations
• Hitler rebuilds German army to 600,000
– Condemned by League of Nations
– Against agreement of Treaty of Versailles
• Franco’s Civil War in Spain
21
Germany (Hitler’s) Demands
• Austria
– Anschluss proposed
by Hitler
• Rhineland
– DMZ Buffer Zone
near France
• Sudetenland
– Czech. border with
Germany
22
Policies of the West
Hitler is Unchecked
• Fascists get more aggressive
• Europe drifts towards war
• Attitudes of other countries
– U.S.  Isolation
• Great Depression
• WWI just ended and did not want to enter another war
– England and France Appeasement
•
•
•
•
Munich Conference
Economic depression
Did not want another war
Easier to look away from activities in Europe
23
Hitler’s Deal with Stalin
• Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact
– Prevents Germany from a two-front war
24
“Give a Man an Inch”
• Hitler is never satisfied, he always wants more
• Hitler controls:
– The rest of Czechoslovakia (1938)
– Demands Danzig, Poland
• United Kingdom and France promise to support Poland
if Hitler invades
• Hitler invades Poland on 9 - 1 – 1939 causing England
and France to FINALLY declare war on Germany
• War begins in Europe
25
Roosevelt’s Wisdom
• “The Great Arsenal of Democracies”
– December 29, 1940 - Roosevelt refers to
the rapid conversion of much of the
Detroit-area automotive industry into a
production of war armaments
– It was a call to “arm and support” the war
efforts
• “Four Freedoms”
– January 6, 1941 – In his annual
message to Congress, President
Roosevelt announces the Four
Freedoms
•
•
•
•
Freedom from fear
Freedom of religion
Freedom of expression
Freedom from want
War in Europe Begins: America’s
Stance
• Neutrality Questioned
– FDR wanted to ignore the Neutrality Acts and sell
weapons to the Allies
– Congress said NO
• Cash and Carry
– FDR Convinced Congress to allow Allies to purchase
weapons with cash and they had to ship the weapons
themselves
• American Public
– Americans did not want to ender the war
– In September 1941, 80% of American opposed going to war
US Support of Great Britain
• Britain Isolated
– By 1941, Britain was the only
remaining power
– Battle of Britain began with
Hitler’s air raids over London
• Atlantic Charter
– Churchill and FDR made a
pact that in this war they
would seek territorial gains
and restore peoples rights.
• Lend-Lease Act
– March 11, 1941 - America
lend American weapons to
Britain that would be
returned after the war.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Japan Prepares an Empire
• Expanding territory
– July 23, 1941 - The Japanese extend their
occupation across the whole of Indochina
– November 27, 1941 - Japan rejects the USA's
demand for their withdrawal of forces from
China.
– December 7, 1941 - The Japanese attack
Thailand, Malaya, Shanghai, Hong Kong and
Singapore. Quickly taking control of all these
areas.
• Yes . . . This is the same day that they attacked Pearl
Harbor!
US Preparation for War
• US Navy in EVERY ocean
– February 2, 1941 - The US Navy is
reorganized in to the Atlantic, Pacific
and Asiatic fleets and ordered to
bring ship crews up to war
establishments
• Roosevelt’s Declarations
– May 27, 1941 – Roosevelt declares
ultimate national emergency; calls
upon all Americans to resist
Hitlerism.
– June 14, 1941 – Roosevelt orders
the freezing of al German and Italian
assets, as well as those of occupied
countries.
Japan and US Relations
•
•
Japanese Aggression
– Japan continued to take over land in Asia and the
Pacific
– Japanese need to have the economic trading supply of
the US, which the US refused by freezing their assets in
the US on July 4, 1941
– The Japanese decided that they had to attack the US if
they wanted to gain that support
Japanese Deception
– November 15, 1941 – A Japanese special
negotiator arrives in Washington D.C.
– December 1, 1941 – US-Japanese talks continue
– December 4, 1941 – The Japanese Embassy in
Washington begins to leave, destroy code-books
and personal files in the process.
– December 6, 1941 – President Roosevelt sends a
last minute plea to the Japanese Emperor for
Peace.
Japan Attacks
• Japanese Attack Pearl Harbor
– On December 7, 1941 that Japanese attack Pearl Harbor
Hawaii destroying 8 battleships and killing 2,300.
Fast Reaction to Pearl Harbor
• US Response
– US declares war
• December 8, 1941 – President
Roosevelt addressed the U.S.
Congress, saying “December 7,
1941, a date which will live in
infamy”, which addressed the
bombing of Pearl Harbor
• December 8, 1941 – Congress
declares war on Japan with an
82-0 vote in the Senate and 3881 vote in the House of
Representatives.
• Roosevelt signs the Declaration of
War against Japan that day.
World Reaction to Pearl Harbor
• Allied Powers are formed (US Great
Britain and France)
– December 11, 1941 – Germany
and Italy declare war on the
United States. In response, the
United States declare war on
Germany and Italy, as well as US
allies, Costa Rica, Cuba, the
Dominican Republic and
Nicaragua also declare war on
Germany and Italy.
• Ended United States Isolationism
Allies in both shades of green
- dark green: allies before the attack on Pearl
Harbor
- light green: allied countries that entered the
war after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor
Axis Powers - Orange
Neutral Countries - Grey