Transcript World War II - Cloudfront.net

World War II
Chapter 25
The Peace that Failed
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WWI was to be the “war to end all wars.”
Woodrow Wilson
Nations were not satisfied with the Versaille
Treaty.
The effort of peace and disarmament was
not shared by all nations:
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Dictatorships of Germany, Italy, Japan, and
Russia built powerful armies and strengthenee
their defenses.
Rising Tensions
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Germany was humiliated by the Treaty of
Versailles and grew bitter. They were
facing heavy reparations and resented the
Allies’ treatment of their country and were
ready for revenge.
Japan and Italy
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Although both were victorious in WWI, they
faced greater debt and hardships after the
war.
They felt left out of the foreign markets.
They sought to broaden their markets and
by claiming some of the world’s land and
natural resources.
Spiritual Problems
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Fascism in Italy:
Leader of the Italy after the WWI was socialist Benito
Mussolini.
He organized the Fascist party in Italy called the
“Blackshirts.”
Fascism: form of socialism that is similar to communism; it
exercises totalitarian control of political, economic, cultural,
religious, and social activities.
Differs from communism in that it allows some free enterprise
but the private businesses are still heavily regulated by the
government.
Mussolini’s Promises
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Take control of the struggling government.
End inflation and unemployment.
Build a revived “Roman Empire.”
Marched the “Blackshirts” into Rome and met the
king. He was asked to form a new government.
Italy is now transforming into a totalitarian, Fascist
state with a huge military and political power.
Nazism in Germany
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Adolf Hitler: Socialist
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Joined the German Workers party: nationalistic,
antidemocratic, and anticapitalistic.
Veteran of WWI
Became leader of GW party and named it the National
Socialist German Worker’s Party, or “Nazis.”
Nazism is a form of socialism, but it relies more heavily on
terrorist aggression, fanatical racism, and antidemocratic
nationalism.
1923 Revolt
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Hitler leads a revolt against the government, but it
fails and his jailed.
In prison, he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle), an
autobiography and exposition of Nazi ideology.
Considered a blue print for his future plans.
He claimed through Darwinism & Socialism that
the Germans had evolved into a superior race and
were destined to rule the world.
To secure their survival he said inferior races
would need to be destroyed or enslaved.
Hitler and His Ideas are Accepted
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A yr. later he is out of prison and many
Germans embrace his book and ideas.
He is elected to the Reichstag, which is
Germany’s chief legislative body.
He was appointed Chancellor in 1933.
Nazis became a majority in the Reichstag
and voted Hitler the power to make laws by
his own decree.
Der Fuhrer
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Hitler names himself “Der Fuhrer,” the
leader.
He overthrows the Weimar Republic.
The new government is the Third Reich.
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Outlawed political parties
Killed members who he considered a threat to
his power.
His motto, “Today Germany; tomorrow the world”
Wiping out the Inferior Races
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The annihilation of the Jewish people and
other groups he considered “inferior.”
He convinced the Germans to hate the
Jews by blaming them for:
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Being selfish capitalists
Being involved in an international conspiracy to
destroy Germany.
The Process
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Jewish businesses were boycotted
Jew were removed from positions of
political and cultural leadership.
1935, the Jews were stripped of their civil
rights.
1939 the Jews were forbidden to emigrate
from Germany.
Process cont.
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Jews, Slavs, Gypsies, ect. Were shipped to
concentration camps. They were worked to death
or murdered outright.
Undesirables: Hospitals practiced euthanasia
(killing off the weak, the sick, the mentally
retarded, and other physical disabilities) and
abortion.
If anyone tried to help these people they were
often sent to concentration camps as well.
Hitler Hates Christians
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“One is either a German or a
Christian…You cannot be both.” Hitler
Militarism in Japan
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After WWI, Japan relied heavily upon its’
military.
General Hideki Tojo was the primary leader
of the military.
Emperor Hirohito: was the head of the
Japanese government, but with the
powerful military he had no real power.
Ancient Religious Customs
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Samurai, or warrior class: told the people they
were under divine protection and could not be
defeated.
Hakko Ichin: “Bringing the Eight Corners of the
World under One Roof.”
Goal to control mainland of Asia and the Pacific
Islands.
Allow the Japanese the raw materials and
markets she desired.
Anyone who disagreed would be assassinated by
the military.
Communism in Russia
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Joseph Stalin: wanted to make Russia a modern
industrial nation and military state in hopes of
dominating the world.
1933, the United States officially recognized the
Communist government in Russia.
This allowed Russia to take out loans and to
improve their technology and to strengthen their
military.
Aggressors on the March
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Japan is first to declare war.
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Invades Manchuria (held by China) and takes
control of the nation renaming it Manchukuo.
Japanese government is set up in Manchukuo.
League of Nations formally condemns
Japan, but Japan withdraws from the group
and continues their aggression in the Far
East.
In China
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1937 Japan invades Peiping (Beijing today)
Japan continues to invade China’s cities, raping,
looting and slaughtering the people along the way.
China’s leader of the National government Chiang
Kai-shek, who has been dealing with civil war
against the Chinese Communist under Mao Tsetung moves his capital to Chungking.
Nations Support Japan
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Although many nations sympathized with
China, they continued to supply Japan with
war materials.
Claire Chennault and the “Flying Tigers,” a
group of three volunteers squadrons of
American airmen who flew missions
against the Japanese and fought them
successfully in the air against incredible
odds.
In Ethiopia
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1935 Italy invades Ethiopia, which is a poor
Christian country.
Italians slaughter the people, who fought with
spears and arrows against tanks and planes.
Haile Selassie, the emperor of Ethiopia pleads to
the League of Nations for help.
The League of Nations only aid was to invoke
economic sanctions on Italy.
In cont.
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May 1936, Italy conquers Ethiopia.
League of Nations withdraws their
sanctions.
1937, Italy withdraws from the League of
Nations under Mussolini.
In the Rhineland
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Hitler withdraws Germany from the League
of Nations in 1933.
He stops making reparations from WWI.
Enforces all men to sign up for the military.
He develops an airforce.
Begins building submarines & war ships.
Cont.
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League of Nations limited Germany’s
military to 100,000 soldiers, but Hitler had
built it up to 600,000.
Violated the Treaty of Versailles by sending
troops into the Rhineland.
The Spanish Civil War
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General Francisco Franco: was forced to
turn to Germany and Italy for weapons.
He was able to establish a military
government in 1939.
Formation of the Axis
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Germany recognizes Italy’s claim of Ethiopia.
Mussolini and Hitler formally joined forces by
organizing the Rome-Berlin Axis.
Germany becomes allies with Japan with the
signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact.
1940, Japan signed the Tripartite Treaty with
Germany and Italy forming the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo
Axis.
The three aggressors became known as the Axis
Powers.
In Austria
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Hitler secretly established a Nazi party in
Austria.
He marched his troops into Vienna after
forcing Kurt von Schuschnigg to resign
seizing Austria without firing one shot.
In Czechoslavakia
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Made up of Bohemia, Moravia, and Slovakia
became Czechoslavakia after WWI.
Sudetenland, a mountainous region along the
Czech-German border, made up of a minority of
German who were pro Nazi.
Germany wanted to gain control of this area
demanding the “self-determination of peoples”
that the area be returned to German control.
Cont.
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Neville Chamberlain & Edouard Daladier
went to Germany to discuss the issue with
Hitler and Mussolini.
Hitler claimed that the Sudetenland was the
last territorial claim in Europe.
Munich Pact was signed which
dismembered Czechoslavakia by giving
Sudetenland to Germany.
The Failure of Appeasement
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Appeasement: either giving in to the
demands of aggressor nations or taking no
action when the aggressors attacked
weaker countries.
Winston Churchill: British statesmen saw
appeasement as a failure, identifying
Germany’s goal for war.
In Albania
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Mussolini seized Albania in the Balkans.
Allowing them to invade Greece and
Yugoslavia.
League of Nations recognized they could
not halt Germany and Italian aggression
against weaker nations.
In Poland
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Hitler demands that Poland relinquish their
territory to German control.
They sign the Nazi-Soviet Pact with Russia
to avoid opposition from Russia in invading
Poland.