Transcript Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles caused anger and resentment
for much of Europe after World War I. The rise of
rulers with total power in Europe and Asia led to
World War II.
Nationalism – loyalty to one’s country above all else.
Joseph Stalin – became leader of
Russia after Lenin’s death in 1924.
His last name means “man of steal.”
He made agriculture and industrial
growth the prime economic goals of
the Soviet Union. He abolished
privately owned farms and replaced
them with collectives – large
government-owned farms.
Totalitarian Government – Stalin
maintained complete control over its
citizens. Individuals have no rights.
Benito Mussolini –
leader of Italy, who
established a totalitarian
government. He
established the Fascist
Party. Fascism stressed
nationalism and placed
the interests of the state
above those of
individuals. He called
himself IL Duce, or “the
leader.”
Adolf Hitler – became leader of
Germany much the same way
Mussolini did in Italy. He called
himself Der Fuhrer or “the leader.”
Was sent to prison for the crime of
treason. While in prison wrote the
book “Mein Kampf or My Struggle.”
This became the blue print for the
Nazi Party.
3 elements of Nazism:
Nazism, the German brand of fascism, was based on extreme nationalism.
Purification – Hitler believed that Aryans (blue eyed, blond hair) formed a master
race. Inferior races (Jews, Slavs, and non-whites) were to serve the Aryans.
Lebensraum, or living space. This meant that Hitler wanted to get land back that he
felt was rightfully Germany’s.
Francisco Franco – Spanish
general who lead a
rebellion against the
Spanish republic. Hitler
and Mussolini supported
him, with their assistance;
Franco became Spain’s
fascist dictator.
Neutrality Acts – Congress passed these acts in
hope of keeping America out of war.
Neville Chamberlain – Prime Minister of England
who signed the Munich Agreement. This
agreement gave the Sudetenland area back to
Germany.
Appeasement – giving up principles to pacify an
aggressor. Winston Churchill felt this is what
happened through the Munich Agreement.
Non-aggression Pact – Stalin signed this pact with Hitler in
1939. They also agreed to split Poland. Hitler now felt
Germany did not have to fight a two front war, as they did
in WWI. This allowed Germany to implement their new
military strategy of blitzkrieg, or lightning war. This was
accomplished through the Luftwaffe (German air force)
and fast tanks.
Charles de Gaulle – French general who fled to England and
set up a government-in-exile.
Battle of Britain – Starting in August 1940, Germany’s
Luftwaffe bombed London every night for two months.
England’s Royal Air Force (RAF) fought back and out lasted
the Luftwaffe.
Holocaust – the
systematic murder of 11
million people across
Europe, more than half
whom were Jews.
Nuremberg Laws stripped
Jews of their German
citizenship, jobs, and
property. Jews had to
wear a large yellow Star of
David so the Nazis would
easily identify them.
Kristallnancht or “Night of Broken Glass.” On November
9 –10, 1938, Nazis storm troopers attacked Jewish
homes, businesses, and synagogues across Germany.
Hitler’s “Final Solution” – Hitler wanted to rid Europe of
all Jews. He instituted the policy of genocide, the
deliberate and systematic killing of an entire population.
This not only included the Jews, but the Gypsies,
Freemasons, and Jehovah’s Witnesses.
Ghettos – Jews
were ordered into
these areas and
were sealed off
with barbed wire
and stone walls.
Bodies piled up in
the ghettos faster
than they could
be removed.
Concentration Camps (labor camps) – prisoners were
crammed into crude wooden barracks that held up
to a thousand people. Inmates worked from dawn
to dusk. It was at these concentration camps that
the Germans began to use poison gas to mass
exterminate the inmates.
America began to move away from its neutrality policy when
Germany, Italy and Japan signed a mutual defense treaty. These
three nations became known as the Axis Powers.
Lend-Lease Act – this act allowed the president to lend or lease
arms and other supplies to “any country whose defense was vital to
the United States.”
Atlantic Charter – Britain and the U.S. pledged the following:
collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic
cooperation, and freedom of the seas.
Hideki Tojo – chief of staff of Japan’s Kwantung Army. He gave
the order to the Japanese navy to prepare for an attack on the United
States (Pearl Harbor).
The Unites States had no choice but to enter the war after
Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The
government instituted the Selective Service System and
young men were drafted into the military.
George Marshall – U.S.
General who was Army
Chief of Staff at the
start of WWII. He
pushed for the
formation of a Women’s
Auxiliary Army Corps
(WAAC). These
women volunteers
would serve in
noncombat positions.
Discrimination – African
Americans, Native Americans,
Mexican Americans, and Asian
Americans were not treated
equally. Military leaders did not
feel these ethnic groups were
able to contribute to the war
effort in the same manner as
White Americans. However, by
the end of the war each of these
ethnic groups had proved the
leaders wrong.
Production – America quickly turned
its factories into a war- producing
machine. Car factories started making
tanks, airplanes, boats, and command
cars. Shipyards were able to construct
ships within a week.
Labor – By 1944, 18 million workers were working in the war
industries, six million were women and 2 million were
minorities. The minorities had to fight for these jobs. A.
Phillip Randolph, President of the Brotherhood of Sleeping
Car Porters, organized a march on Washington demanding that
employers and labor unions hire African Americans.
Manhattan Project – was the
code name for the research and
development of the atomic
bomb. J. Robert Oppenheimer –
American scientist that led the
development of the atomic
bomb.
Office of Price Administration
(OPA) – fought inflation by
freezing prices of most goods.
They also set up a system of
rationing for goods deemed
essential to the military.
Two front war for America: Europe/North Africa & Pacific
Churchill convinced Roosevelt to strike against Hitler first.
The Americans turned their attention to the Battle of the
Atlantic. The Americans needed to secure the shipping
lanes so war supplies could reach Europe.
Battle of Stalingrad – The Soviets lost a total of
1,100,000 soldiers, more than all American deaths during
WWII, but the Soviet victory marked a turning point in
the war.
Dwight D. Eisenhower – American general who commanded the
troops in North Africa. He went on to become Supreme
Commander in Europe. His troops defeated the German Afrika
Korps, led by General Erwin Rommel (Desert Fox). From here
American forces crossed the Mediterranean into southern Italy.
Mussolini was stripped of his powers, however, Germany
continued to fight the Americans for this territory.
Tuskegee Airman – pilots of the all-black 99th Pursuit
Squadron.
D-Day – code name
“operation overload” started
on June 6, 1944. Under
Eisenhower’s command,
American and British forces
landed on the Northern
beaches of France. General
Omar Bradley and General
George Patton troops led
the battle to liberate France.
Battle of the Bulge –
Germany’s last offensive
assault on the Allied
Troops. With the German
Army defeated,
American and Russian
forces pushed toward
Germany, where they
liberated the death
camps.
Yalta Conference – The war was not over, but
Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt met in the resort city
of Yalta in Russia.
V-E Day – ‘Victory in Europe Day” On May 8, 1945,
General Eisenhower accepted Germanys unconditional
surrender. President Roosevelt did not live to see V-E
Day, on April 12, 1945 he died of a stroke and Vice
President Harry S. Truman became president.
General Douglas MacArthur – Commander of Allied forces on
islands.
Doolittle’s Raid – Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle led 16
bombers over Tokyo. It picked up the American spirits and
dampened the Japanese spirits.
Battle of the Coral Sea – It was the first time that the Japanese had
been stopped and turned back. Also, it was the first time that the
fighting was done by airplanes.
Battle of Midway – It took place in June of 1942 and was the
turning point in the war in the pacific. Admiral Chester Nimitz led
the Americans and Admiral Yamamoto led the Japanese. Nimitz
was the commander of American navel in the pacific. Yamamoto
was the Admiral who planned and carried out the attack on Pearl
Harbor.
Kamikaze – Japanese pilots who flew their bomb-laden planes into
allied ships.
Iwo Jima & Okinawa – Two islands that the Americans took from
the Japanese. The Americans were now close enough to invade the
island of Japan.
Hiroshima & Nagasaki – On August 6, 1945, a bomber plane by
the name of Enola Gay dropped the first atomic bomb, code
name “little boy.” Three days later another bomb was dropped
on Nagasaki, code name “fat boy.”
Nuremberg Trials – The leaders of Germany were put on
trial for the crimes that they had committed during WWII.
Economic Gains - The war years were good ones for
working people. Unemployment fell to a low of 1.2 %.
Average weekly paychecks rose 35% during the war.
Population Shift – People looked for work outside of where
they had lived for years. They moved toward the factories.
This included over 1.2 million African-Americans moving
away from the south.
Social Adjustments – Men came home from the war to
reacquaint themselves with their wife and get to know their
children. The government also past the GI Bill of Rights,
this allowed veterans to go to college for free and provided
federal loan guarantees to buy homes, farms, or businesses.
Civil Rights – Despite the opportunities
for minorities during the war, old
policies and prejudices and policies
persisted. James Farmer founded an
organization called Congress of Racial
Equality (CORE) to confront urban
segregation in the south. Mexican
Americans also had to fight through
prejudice in Los Angeles. Zoot Suits
were a style of dress adopted by
Mexican-American youths as a symbol
of their rebellion against tradition.
Interment Camps – Places where
Japanese-Americans were held during
the war. The American government
argued that they were places in the
camps for national security.