Transcript Ch 29 The Collapse of the Old Order

Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Four MAIN causes of WWI:
Triple Alliance:
Triple Entente:
Who is assassinated fueling WWI?
Explain the Schlieffen Plan:
Purpose of propaganda:
Treaty of Brest Litovsk:
Warm Up Chapter 28
1.
2.
3.
4.
Which of the following was NOT one of the
elements of the Treaty of Versailles that
angered Germany?
A.
The infamous guilt clause
B.
The amount of reparations it had to pay
C.
The loss of territory it sustained
D.
High tariffs enacted by the allies
Vladimir Lenin was the leader of the
A.
Bolsheviks
B.
Mensheviks
C.
Social Revolutionaries
D.
Young Turks
The Ottoman Turks signed a secret alliance
A.
Germany, hoping to gain Russian
territory
B.
Japan, hoping to gain Chinese territory
C.
France, hoping to gain Italian territory
D.
Russia, hoping to gain Austrian territory
The Russian army during the war
A.
Was smaller than Germany but better
equipped
B.
Was large but poorly equipped
C.
Fought in very few battles
D.
Was doing very well until the Russian
Revolution
5.
In the 1920’s women’s lives
A. hardly changed at all
B. changed more than any previous
decade
C. changed but only for the better
D. changed but only in a negative way
6.
The German crisis of 1923 was marked by
A. Germany attempt to rebuild military
B. German reoccupation of Lorraine
C. British military takeover
D. Germany recklessly printing money
8. 3 Reasons US gets involved in WWI:
9. 4 leaders in the Paris Peace Conference:
10. Name 2 conditions of the Treaty of Versailles on
Germany:
Chapter 29: The Collapse of
the Old Order
• I. Stalin Revolution
– A. Five Year Plans
– Stalin industrialized military and factories not
consumer goods
– Achieve ambitious goals by instituting
government control over economy
– Factories and mines: Each factory and mine
had production goals set by the state
– Led to increases in industrial output
– Collectivization = combine private farms into
larger, mechanized state-run farms
– Peasants and land: peasants who received
land under Lenin, lost their lands and then are
forced to work on these collective farms
– Protesters: Peasants who protested were
either executed by Stalin’s police forces or
sent to the system of labor camps in Siberia
called the Gulag
– B. Collectivization of Agriculture
– Stalin put small farms together and expected
them to supply fixed amounts of goods
– Collectivization was accomplished by violent
suppression and disrupted farming causing a
famine
– Fear of Nazi regime in Germany caused
Stalin to put emphasis on heavy industry and
armaments
– C. Terror and Opportunities
– Population control: threats of force were best
way to control population
– Secret police were created by Stalin
– Stalin helped Soviet Union industrialized
faster than any other nation making Russia a
power on the world stage
– 1936: Stalin launched a series of show trials,
in which people were tortured until they
confessed to what Stalin wanted them to say
– Ten million people were arrested, several
million were immediately executed, others
sent to the Gulag
– Stalin ruled with an iron fist and ruthlessly
removed all opposition
• II. The Depression
– A. Economic Crisis
– October 29, 1929: Black Tuesday – U.S.
Stock market crash, which leads to an
international financial crisis
– International Impact:
– The United States had been world’s leading
money lender and this leads to European
banks crashing
– Renewed interest in Marxist doctrines
– Marx had predicted that capitalism would
destroy itself
– The new democratic gov’ts in Europe,
especially Germany, were unable to deal with
the crisis
– Many people turn to political leaders who offer
simple solutions in return for dictatorial power
•
B. Depression in Industrial Nations
– France and Britain escaped because of
colonies
– Germany and Japan suffered relying on
exports to pay for imports
• C. Depression in Nonindustrial Nations
– India and China were least effected
– Price of gold shot up benefiting Southern
African miners
Warm Up
1. Explain how the Great depression affects
the world:
2. Explain Stalin’s view of communism and
his application of show trials and work
camps:
3. Explain why Marxist views come to the
forefront in the “interwar years”
• III. Rise of Fascism
– A. Mussolini
– In 1919 he founded the National Fascist Party
– Fascism = an authoritarian form of gov’t that
places the good of the nation above all else
– Push extreme nationalism and love for the
state
– Envisioned an aggressive state ruled by a
strong all-powerful leader, tended to glorify
violence
– Mussolini is appointed as prime minister of
Italy
• B. Hitler
– Germany was digging out of WWI, hyperinflation of
1923, and Depression blaming Jews, socialists, and
foreigners for their troubles
– After the war he joined the National Socialist Party, or
Nazi for short
– Tries to seize power in the Beer Hall Putsch
– Fails and Hitler goes to jail, where he writes Mein
Kampf or “my struggle”
– It outlines his major political ideas and goals
– Austrian born German war veteran became the leader
of the Nazi party in 1924
– Hitler assumes post of the Chancellor in 1933
Hitler in WWI
• Hitler volunteered at age 25 by enlisting in a
Bavarian Regiment
• Throughout most of the war, Hitler had great luck
avoiding life threatening injury. More than once he
moved away from a spot where moments later a
shell exploded killing or wounding everyone.
• Hitler, unlike his fellow soldiers, never complained
about bad food and the horrible conditions or talked
about women, preferring to discuss art or history. He
received a few letters but no packages from home
and never asked for leave. His fellow soldiers
regarded Hitler as too eager to please his superiors,
but generally a likable loner notable for his luck in
avoiding injury as well as his bravery.
• Hitler's luck ran out when he was wounded
in the leg by a shell fragment during the
Battle of the Somme. He was hospitalized
in Germany. It was his first time away from
the front after two years of war. Following
his recovery, he went sight seeing in
Berlin, then was assigned to light duty in
Munich. He was appalled at the apathy
and anti-war sentiment among German
civilians. He blamed the Jews for much of
this and saw them as conspiring to spread
unrest and undermine the German war
effort.
• In August 1918, he received the Iron
Cross first class, a rarity for foot soldiers.
Interestingly, the lieutenant who
recommended him for the medal was a
Jew, a fact Hitler would later obscure.
Despite his good record and a total of five
medals, he remained a corporal. Due to
his unmilitary appearance and odd
personality, his superiors felt he lacked
leadership qualities and thought he would
not command enough respect as a
sergeant.
– Impact in Germany:
– Public work contracts, military build up,
Hitler told women to leave workplace
opening jobs for men leading to economic
boom and low unemployment
• C. Road to War
– Hitler built up the army, withdrew from
League of Nations, and established air
force—all violated Treaty of Versailles
– Hitler demanded Czechoslovakia at the
Munich Conference in 1938
– Lebensraum: living space for the Germans
(Germany is too small for such a superior
race)
– Germany begins to acquire territory
– First step in Hitler’s plan was to annex Austria
– German troops marched into Austria in 1938
without opposition and took over Austria
– Next Hitler turned to Czechoslovakia,
demanding the Sudetenland, a region with a
large German population
– The French and British met with Hitler at the
Munich Conference in 1938 to decide the fate
of the Sudetenland
– Hitler demanded it or else war
– France and Britain told Czechoslovakia to
give Germany the Sudetenland appeasement
Mussolini
Hitler
Goering
– Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact = between
Germany and the Soviet Union
– Stalin first tried to make an alliance with the
French and British, but they refused
– Hitler made this agreement because he was
trying to prevent a two front war
– Had every intention of invading Russia,
wanted the land for the German people and to
turn the Soviets into slaves or kill them,
especially the communists
– Stalin knew Hitler would eventually betray the
pact and invade, needed time to rebuild the
Soviet army
•
IV. East Asia, 1931-1945
A. Manchurian Incident of 1931
– Japan needed to end reliance on foreign trade
and took Manchuria
– Japan is now run by military not civilians
– Japan invades Manchuria in 1931
– The League of Nations does nothing
– B. Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945
– 1937: Japan invades China
– Japan takes Nanjing in 1938 (Rape of
Nanjing)
– Millions of Chinese will die, Rape of Nanjing
– Mao Zedong builds an army and brings
Communist party to power in China
• six-week period following the Japanese capture
of the city of Nanjing (Nanking), the former
capital of the Republic of China, on December
13, 1937. During this period, hundreds of
thousands of civilians were murdered and
20,000–80,000 women were raped by soldiers
of the Imperial Japanese Army. The massacre
remains a contentious political issue, as various
aspects of it have been disputed by some
historical revisionists and Japanese nationalists,
who have claimed that the massacre has been
either exaggerated or wholly fabricated for
propaganda purposes.
Warm Up
1.
2.
3.
4.
Stalin’s First Five Year Plan stressed
A.
Increases in electricity and heavy industries
B.
Production of consumer goods for export
C.
Acquiring colonies to protect Soviet economy
D.
Decentralized control and economic incentives
What were the reasons for the politics of appeasement
A.
Fear of war
5.
B.
Fear of communism
6.
C.
Lack of familiarity with fascist tactics
7.
D.
All of these
At the height of the Stalinist terror of the 1930s
8.
A.
Millions of Jews were slaughtered
B.
Moscow was burnt to the ground
9.
C.
USSR joined with Germany and Italy to invade
Poland
D.
Millions of ordinary Soviet citizens were sent to
the Gulag
Which of the following was NOT one of the actions
taken by Mussolini?
A.
Fascists in government positions
B.
Liberalized education
C.
Allowed freedom of press
D.
Crushed all political parties
Define Collectivization:
Explain Fascism:
How does Lebensraum lead
to WWII?
Explain the Nazi-Soviet
Nonaggression Pact:
Write three sentences on
what you thought about
Diamond Ch 7
• V. Second World War
– A. The War of Movement
– Blitzkrieg “lightning war”
– Emphasized speed – quick and devastating
– The Luftwaffe (German air force) leads the
way, bombing and damaging defenses
– The planes are followed by fast-moving tanks
and artillery, then soldiers who finished off
any resistance
– Axis Powers = Italy, Japan, and Germany
– Allied Powers = France and Great Britain (will
be joined later by other nations)
– B. War in Europe and North Africa
– Germany conquers Poland in less than one
month
– Germany attempts to defeat British but the
RAF are able to finally hold off Germans
“Where Napoleon failed, I shall succeed. I shall land on
the shores of Britain.” - Hitler
– Lasted from August 1940 – May 1941
– Hitler’s plan was to destroy the British Royal
Air Force to make it possible to invade Britain
– Needs to destroy the RAF before ships can
safely land troops on British soil
• Britain survives: “Never in the field of human conflict
was so much owed by so many to so few.” - Churchill
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10cZD
mOuYgw
– Germany invades Soviet Union only to be
stopped by the Russian winter
– Germany helped Italy in Africa by were finally
defeated by the British (better supplies and
intel)
– C. War in Asia and the Pacific
– US and Britain stopped shipments of steel,
iron, and oil to Japan
– December 7, 1941: Japan attacks Pearl
Harbor
– Was a two prong attack
– Planes bombed airfields and ships at Pearl
Harbor in three different waves
– Lasted just under two hours
– 200 aircraft destroyed all 8 battleships were
either damaged or sunk in the harbor
– Casualties
• 2,403 dead and 1,100 wounded
• 1,177 men die aboard the U.S.S. Arizona
– At the same time the Japanese attack U.S.
colonies of Wake Island and the Philippines
– U.S. Congress declares war on Japan on Dec. 8
– Three days later Germany and Italy declare war
on the U.S.
– The U.S. and the Soviet Union are now part of
the Allied Powers
– June 1942 – Japanese want to capture this
American military base
• Japan wants to lure the Americans into battle
and finish what they started at Pearl Harbor by
destroying their fleet
– The U.S. had broken the secret Japanese code
and knew of the attack – U.S. ready and waiting
• They destroy four aircraft carriers, only lose
one of their own
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VqQAf
74fsE
– D. End of War
– 1943: US was helping supply Russia
– Soviet invasion in the west and US and
British invasion in Italy and France
– The race to Berlin is on between the
Soviets and the other Allies (Americans,
British, and French)
– Half a million Soviets surround Berlin in late
August 1945
– Hitler commits suicide on May 2 and Berlin
surrenders the same day
– On May 7th Germany surrenders
– May 8th is proclaimed V-E Day = Victory in
Europe Day
– 1945 bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
– Aug. 6th, the Enola Gay drops the atomic
bomb on the city of Hiroshima
• 80,000 die instantly, 35,000 injured
• 2/3 of the buildings are destroyed
– Fat Man dropped on Nagasaki – August 9th
– Between 40,000 to 75,000 die
– The Japanese agree to unconditional
surrender on August 14th
– August 15th is known as V-J Day = Victory
Over Japan Day
Little boy
Little boy
• First atomic bomb ever to be used
uranium 235 fission
• Used on the city of Hiroshima
• August 6,1945
• The energy released by the bomb was
powerful enough to burn through clothing.
Fat Man
• codename for the atomic bomb that was
detonated over Nagasaki, by the US on August
9,1945
• Plutonium
• The original target for the bomb was the city of
Kokura, but obscuring clouds necessitated
changing course to the alternative target,
Japan surrender
• Japan finally surrenders August 12th with this declaration
• Moreover, the enemy now possesses a new and terrible
weapon with the power to destroy many innocent lives
and do incalculable damage. Should we continue to
fight, not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and
obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead
to the total extinction of human civilization. Such being
the case, how are We to save the millions of Our
subjects, or to atone Ourselves before the hallowed
spirits of Our Imperial Ancestors? This is the reason why
We have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the
Joint Declaration of the Powers.
• We accept surrender aboard the USS
Missouri
– D. Chinese Civil War and Communist
Victory
– Chaing Kai-shek’s Guomindang forces
fought Mao Ze Dong until 1949
– Mao Ze Dong announced People’s Republic
of China October 1, 1949
• V. Character of Warfare
– A. Science and Technology
– Technology: Synthetic rubber, radar,
aircrafts, missiles, and atomic weapons
– B. Bombing Raids
– US and British sought to break morale of
populations with bomb raids
– US bomb raids devastated Tokyo
• Holocaust = the mass murder of the Jews by
Germany
• Why were the Jews hated?
– Hitler and many German people blamed the Jews
for Germany’s problems
• The Jewish people were blamed for Germany’s
loss in World War I
– Racial superiority of the German master race
• First isolate and dehumanize
– Boycott of businesses, some violence, property
and rights taken away
• Laws aimed at excluding Jews from
mainstream German life
– Nuremberg Racial Laws (1935)
• Created a separate legal status for German
Jews
• Took away their citizenship and many civil and
property rights
– Night of Broken Glass (Nov. 1938)
• Jews were attacked and windows and store
fronts shattered
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Entrance to
Auschwitz:
Work Makes You
Free
Crematoria
at
Majdanek
• Thousands of Jewish buildings and businesses
destroyed and about 100 Jews were killed
– Hitler issues the “Night and Fog” decree
• Authorized the arrest of anyone endangering
German security
• Those who were seized were to “vanish without
a trace into the night and fog”
• The Final Solution
– Hitler and his advisors come up with the final
solution to the Jewish question = kill the Jews
– First removed the Jews into ghettos = confined
areas within a city
• Starved, disease spreads, thousands die
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Eli Wiesel
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
• Guards shot Jews trying to escape
– From the ghettos Jews were sent to concentration
camps
• Long, crowded train ride in cattle cars – many
die
• Concentration Camps
– At first special Nazi squads went from village to
village carrying out mass executions of Jews
• These mobile killing units were too slow, so
Hitler established the concentration camps as a
more efficient way of getting rid of the Jews
– The Jews arrive, families are separated, and then
the selection process begins
• Separated into strong and weak, slave labor or
“shower”
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
– Gas chambers killed thousands every day and
furnaces were used to get rid of the dead bodies
– The ones who escaped the gas chambers worked
as slave laborers and endured much hunger
• Victims
– 6 million Jewish people perish in the Holocaust
• 2 out of every 3 in Europe – there were 9 million
Jews in Europe when Hitler took power
– Other groups at the concentration camps that the
Nazis viewed as inferior:
– Nazis Targeted:
• Gypsies, homosexuals, Slavs, Poles, people with
disabilities, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and other
political enemies
• Another 6 million from these groups died
•
D. Home Front in US
– US economy flourished during the war
– Consumer goods were in short supply so
people saved
– Internment camps of Japanese:
– US government removed more than 100,000
people of Japanese heritage
– Most were US citizens
– Removed from their homes and taken to
camps
– The government took their homes and their
businesses and never returned them
– In 1988 government formally apologized and
repaid each detainee 20,000 dollars
Unique Weapons of WWII
• Amphibious Tanks
• Rockets
• Flying Saucers!!
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kowjlqw
y5XA
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noKm3fGcYU&feature=related
• Donald Duck
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9Il_Ur
5UEA
• Life in Nazi Germany
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8bCu
NiJ-NI&feature=related