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THE SECOND WORLD WAR
THE PLAN
•
Background information- who was involved and why
•
The start of the war in Europe
•
The Asian front and Pearl Harbor
•
The Philippines and U.S. Mobilization on the Homefront
•
Japanese internment
•
War in Europe turning points
•
Pacific turning points
•
End of the War- atomic bombs
WHO IS INVOLVED?
•
Germany- Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich
•
•
Democratically elected but would later abuse power as chancellor
Italy- Benito Mussolini
•
•
•
System of Government- Fascism
Fascism- A militaristic or authoritarian system, right winged extremists
Commonly leads to dictatorships
WHO IS INVOLVED?
•
Japan
• Emperor Hirohito
• ** Democratic uprising slowed with economic
depression
• ** Became far more militaristic
• 1931- the Manchuria Incident
• 1937- break out of war in Asia
• Horrific Example- The Rape of Nanking
WHO WAS INVOLVED?
•
Russia- Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin
•
Great Britain- Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
•
•
Agrees to a policy of conflict avoidance towards other fascist nations in
Europe
Known as appeasement
•
•
Czechoslovakia- the Munich Pact gives Germany the Sudetenland
Then- Hitler invades Poland
WHO WAS INVOLVED
• The
United
States- President
Franklin
Roosevelt
• Policy in 1936Maintain
Neutrality
GERMANY
1.
Adolf Hitler- from
high school drop
out to leader of the
Nazi Party
2.
Spent 5 years as an
army spy on the
German Workers
Party founded by
Anton Drexler
3. These 5 years he
became a reputable
orator and rose through
the ranks of the party
GERMANY
4. Became the
President of the
National Socialist
German Workers Partythe Nazi Party
GERMANY
5. Created
the SA- The Paramilitary
Assault division of the Party headed
by former commanding officer Ernst
Rhom
6. Created
the SS- the armed
paramilitary division of the Party
GERMANY
7.
The Beer Hall Revolt- An
attempt to raise support
for the Nazi Party and
overthrow a part of the
German Government
8.
He was sent to
Landsburg Prison for
committing high treason
Cellmate was
Rudolph Hess
Together they write
Mein Kampf
GERMANY
9.
Decided that Germany had been wronged by The Treaty of
Versailles
Germany Needed people and resources
He begins to rebuild a German Military
In Austria- a larger German speaking population wished
to ally with Germany
March 12, 1938- The Munich Agreement
185,000 people now joined the growing Nazi Germany
-Including 75% of Czechoslovakia's resources
GERMANY
10. Elected
as President, following the decline of
president Hindenburg
Was already Chancellor, unprecedented
solidification of power
11. Hitler
is granted dictatorial powers and bans any
challenges to his power
a. Labor Unions
b. Speaking against the 3rd Reich
c. Promoting opposing ideologies
12.June
30, 1934- The
Night of Long Knives
GERMANY
The SS rounds up
numerous officials who
would challenge the 3rd
Reich- including
members of the SA
Example- Ernst
Rhom is killed in the
street
GERMANY
13.
Wants to purify Germany- to create the perfect Aryan nation
What must occur to create perfection?
14.
Hitler’s greatest propaganda- the 1936 Summer Olympics
An opportunity to prove the Aryan race is superior
Jesse Owens- track athlete takes multiple gold medals
home
GERMANY
15.
November 9, 1938- Kristallnacht
Dead- 2,000
Synagogues Burned-1,000
30,000 Jewish men and women arrested
Known as the Night of Broken Glass
GERMANY
•
A century before Adolf Hitler, a German poet by the name of
Heinrich Heine wrote
“Where one burns books, one will also burn people”
SETTING THE SCENE
•
WWII casualties totaled more than 50 Million. More than 80%
came from only 4 countries
1. Russia- 21 million (mostly self imposed- purges)
2. China- 20 million 80% civilians
3.Germany- 8 million (5 million military)
4. Poland- 5 million (3 million from Holocaust)
WAR BEGINS
•
March 16, 1939- Germany invades the rest of
Czechoslovakia (after promising to stop the
war machine in the Sudetenland)
WAR BEGINS
• August
1939- The
Non-Aggression
Pact with Russia in
the East
• Known as the
RibbentropMolotov Pact
•
WAR BEGINS
Late August 1939- Poland
becomes the target of
the German War Machine
• September 1, 1939- Hitler
commences attack on
Poland, conquering the
nation in weeks
• FDR responded with
cash-n-carry
WAR BEGINS
•
Winston Churchill takes over in 1939 and says “I have nothing
to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat”
•
The U.S. does not provide arms to the Soviet’s- why?
WAR BEGINS
•
June 14, 1940- German
forces invade Paris
• 2 days later the French
flag was removed from
the Arc de Triomphe
• Replaced by a
large Nazi Swastika
WAR BEGINS
•
June 21 (Compiegne)- France officially surrenders to Germany
•
•
Exact same forest where Germany signed the armistice with France
concluding WWI
Hitler wanted retribution
Demanded all art from France ($2.5 billion worth)
• Point of comparison- Treaty of Versailles
•
•
French Jews- forced into ghettos and then into camps by the
Gestapo
BATTLE OF BRITAIN
•
German Air Force- the Luftwaffe
•
British Air Force- the Royal Air Force (RAF)
•
BATTLE OF
BRITAIN
German belief was that
air raids would weaken
Britain and force them to
surrender
• So for 5 months, daily air
raids and battles would
take place
• The Luftwaffe was fast
and dangerousattacking major cities
(London)
• Damages-
Britain loses
70% of RAF, very
weakened
• Blitzkrieg-
Warfare
BATTLE OF
BRITAIN
• Germany
Lightning
had set the
precedent of non-stop
air raids
BATTLE OF BRITAIN
•
Result #1- 75,000
buildings destroyed
in London, ½ million
children homeless
•
Result #2- Germans
suffer first legitimate
resistance and do
not conquer Great
Britain
BATTLE OF BRITAIN
•
October 1940- Tri-partite Agreement signed by
Germany, Japan, and Italy
• Said that if any were to be attacked, the rest
would come to their aid
BATTLE OF BRITAIN
•
Following the battle of Britain
• FDR spoke to the American people about his vision
for America, the 4 freedoms
• 1- Speech and expression everywhere in the
world
• 2- Religion- worship in any way
• 3- freedom from want, to be able to live a
healthy life
• 4- Freedom from fear, from outside enemies
JAPAN AND THE U.S.
•
Japanese philosophyneed more land to
support their increasing
population
• Thus- they attempt to
control the entire
pacific
• The U.S. had Hawaii,
Guam and the
Philippines
JAPAN AND THE U.S.
•
Japanese Plan- Surprising and simultaneous attacks
• The U.S. had to be knocked off their toes
•
By November 27th- FDR was convinced war was
inevitable but would not be the one to start it
DECEMBER 7TH, 1941
•
Pacific Fleet in Pearl Harbor- 75 Ships
•
•
•
•
1. Battleships
2. Destroyers
3. Cruisers
4. Submarines
DECEMBER 7TH, 1941
•
Japanese Vice Admiral
Chuichi Nagumo
•
Commander in Chief of the
combined fleet- Isoruko
Yamamoto
DECEMBER 7TH, 1941
•
December 6th, 1941- Intelligence intercepts a message asking
about ship positions at Pear Harbor
•
Result- Department head said he would get to it Monday, it was time to
go home for the weekend
• December
DECEMBER 7TH,
1941
7th, 1941
Joseph Lockard see a
large blip on his radar
screen larger than
anything before
• Was told that U.S.
planes were coming
in from the mainlandnothing to worry
about
DECEMBER 7TH, 1941
•
Time: almost 8 A.M.
•
366 Planes- Lead Pilot Mitsuo Fuchida
•
Under the call of Tora Tora Tora
•
1 hour later the attack was over
•
Assaulted Battleship Row
DECEMBER 7TH, 1941
•
Damage
•
•
•
•
4 battleships sunk
They were Arizona, California, West Virginia, Oklahoma
11 ships sunk in total
188 aircraft destroyed
•
Why? Parked wingtip to wingtip on the runways of Hickman Airfield
DECEMBER 7TH, 1941
•
Casualties-2,403 dead
•
68 civilians dead
•
½ of all casualties from U.S.S. Arizona
•
Japan Lost 29 planes
5 Midget Subs
DECEMBER 7TH, 1941
•
Franklin Roosevelt Speech
DECEMBER 7TH, 1941
•
Congress then voted to declare war and had
only 1 dissenting vote. The dissenting vote
came from Jeanette Rankin who also voted
against going to WWI
DECEMBER 7TH, 1941
•
5 mistakes made by the Japanese
• A. Failure to destroy all aircraft carriers
• B. Attacked on Sunday- many men offshore
or at Church
• C. Failed to hit the oil tank on back side of
island
• D. Shallow water grounded ships- not sunk
• E. Didn’t realize reaction of the American
people to prepare for war
IN THE PHILIPPINES
•
Under the leadership of General Douglas MacArthur
•
American/Filipino troops were going to make a stand
at the Bataan Peninsula
•
IN THE
PHILIPPINES
By the end of December
Americans were in full
retreat
• Major problem- lack of
food, medication,
supplies
• By mid March- living on
1/3 normal rations
leaving them too weak
to fight
IN THE PHILIPPINES
•
General MacArthur was ordered off the island
• He knew he was leaving his troops for the
Japanese
• Quoted saying “I will return”
IN THE PHILIPPINES
•
Japanese philosophy is that
surrender is unforgivable
• May- captured by the
Japanese
• Forced on Death March
to the Camp O’Donnell
• Over 5,000 Americans
die, 9,300 live to witness
the horrors and recount
the stories
• The Japanese brutality
led to beheadings and
bayonettings
•A
response to the
attack on Pearl
Harbor
• The
THE DOOLITTLE
RAID
Goal was to
show the Japanese
they can be harmed
THE DOOLITTLE RAID
• Command
was
divided
• Southwest
pacific- Douglas
MacArthur
• Pacific Ocean
area- Chester
Nimitz
THE DOOLITTLE
RAID
•
April 18th, 19422 16 B-25
Bombers take off 800 miles
from Tokyo
•
U.S. Launched the 1st
bombers ever from a carrier
• US planes- B-25 Bombers
• Had never been launched
from a carrier due to their
weight
• Crews were not what their
mission is until they are at
sea to ensure participation
THE DOOLITTLE RAID
•
Led by Col. Jimmy Doolittle
•
Under the veil of secrecy- they take flight off the U.S.S. Hornet
THE DOOLITTLE RAID
•
Plan was to send 20 bombers to Tokyo (only 16
launch)
•
Before dawn a Japanese Patrol boat spots them
•
The U.S. was 148 miles out- 150 more than initially
planned
•
The crews knew they may be on a suicide mission
•
So the plan was left up to Doolittle- gives the goahead
THE DOOLITTLE RAID
•
Results
1. Damage was moderate, but the morale boost was
incredible for U.S.
2. Deep embarrassment to Japan who “tasted their
own medicine”
3. Cause the Japanese to want to retaliate and finish
the U.S. Fleet in the Pacific- leads to the Battle of
Midway (We will come back to this)
4. Boosted America’s spirit
THE DOOLITTLE RAID
. Many of the planes flew off course
6. Doolittle’s payload misses and hits a
hospital
7. 1 pilot flew his crew to Russia where
crew was arrested
Spent 3 years in a Gulag on the brink
of death
5
THE DOOLITTLE RAID
8.
8 members were
captured by the
Japanese
3 were executed
5 were held as
P.O.W.’s for 5 years
9. Hallmark, Farrow,
and Spatz executed
and buried in a
public cemetery
AMERICA PREPARES FOR WAR
• Selective
Service Actages 21-36 need to
register for draft (Age is
lowered to 18)
• War
Production Board1942 converts peacetime
industries into war
manufacturers
AMERICA PREPARES FOR WAR
• Office
of War
Mobilization1943
centralized all
war resources
AMERICA PREPARES FOR WAR
•
Paying for war
• Federal spending went from $9 billion a year (1939)
to $95.2 billion in 1945
• In total 321 Billion dollars spent
• War bonds made up 186 Billion, taxes covered the
rest
•
AMERICA
PREPARES FOR
WAR
Rationing- Led by office
of Price administration
created ration books for
coffee, sugar, meat,
butter, fruit, etc.
AMERICA PREPARES FOR WAR
• Office
of War Information- Created
American Propaganda
Victory Gardens- Home vegetable
gardens
• Blackouts- Shades pulled closed at
sundown
• Scrap drives- material donations- steel,
tin, aluminum, silk, paper
•
AMERICA PREPARES FOR WAR
•
February 1941- Erin Rommel Sent to North Africa
AMERICA PREPARES FOR WAR
•
Under the Leadership of Rommel
•
Nicknamed the Dessert Fox
• Germany
also pushed far into the
middle east (Egypt)
• 1942
he runs into Britain's General
Bernard Montgomery (Old Monty)
AMERICA PREPARES FOR WAR
•
In Mein Kampf- Hitler declared a need for more “Lebensraum”
or living space
•
Why was this appealing- more natural resources and a greater
Germany
AMERICA PREPARES FOR WAR
• Operation
•
Barbarossa
Hitler refused to:
Retreat
• Use women in battle
•
AMERICA PREPARES FOR WAR
•
June 22, 1941 the Luftwaffe begins bombing
Russian Naval and Air bases
•
Many Russian Soldiers taken prisoner of war (660,000)
10 days later Stalin spoke to his people
preparing them to fight to the death
•
Give nothing for Germany as they retreat
AMERICA PREPARES FOR WAR
• By
Autumn- Germany was 220 miles from
Moscow (Russian Capital)
Problem was that the movement was slow
• Germany could see the glow of the lights
from Moscow
•
• After
months of fighting
the German High
Command assessed
the campaign
AMERICA
PREPARES FOR
WAR
•
1. Germany had lost
36,00 men
•
•
More than all battles up to
this point
2. The Russians did not
appear ready to
surrender
AMERICA PREPARES FOR WAR
• 3.
the conquest of Russia was supposed
to be done before that fall/winter
• 4. Germany was within 65 miles of
Moscow
• 5. Winter was about to hit
AMERICA PREPARES FOR WAR
• 250,000
people
(2/3 of which were
Russian Women)
were asked by the
military to dig
trenches and
destroy bridges
AMERICA PREPARES FOR WAR
• German
leaders asked Hitler if they could
postpone the attack till spring
•
Why?- They only had summer supplies and
uniforms
AMERICA PREPARES FOR WAR
•The
Response- NO!
AMERICA PREPARES FOR WAR
•
Temperatures were going to hit -60 degrees
•
Warmed tanks up by lighting fires underneath
them
•
Many Germans died of frostbite
•
Over 2,000 suffered amputations
AMERICA PREPARES FOR WAR
• By
•
December- Russia lost 4 Million people
Although manpower increased to over 9
Million
• By
may- Germany had its 1st major retreat
AMERICA PREPARES FOR WAR
•
By 1942- Germany had
control of
1.
Austria
2.
Sudetenland
3.
Poland
4.
Belgium
5.
Luxembourg
6. Yugoslavia
7. Norway
8. Denmark
9. Greece
10. Serbia
They were also in France
THE UNITED STATES PREPARES FOR WAR!
• Prior
to the war ¼ of adult female
population worked outside the
home. Once the war began, over 6
million women joined the war effort
•
Most famous symbol of women in the
war- Rosie the Riveter
•
Another famous example was Willow
Run Aircraft Factory- Norma Jeane
Baker
HOLLYWOOD
• Clark
Gable- Photographer
• Henry
Fonda-Bronze Star
• Jimmy
• Paul
• Mel
Stewart- Fighter Pilot
Newman- Gunner
Brooks- Engineer
HOLLYWOOD
•
Ironically-some of America’s greatest leading
men did Not fight in the war
Marlon Brando- The Godfather
• John Wayne- True Grit
• Frank Sinatra- Singer
•
HOLLYWOOD
• Most
decorated Soldier in WWII- Audie
Murphy
•
Awarded 24 decorations as well as the
CMOH
HOLLYWOOD
•
The USO- United Service Organization started
by Bob Hope
ATHLETES IN THE WAR EFFORT
• Pee
Wee Reese
• Yogi
Bera
• Joltin
• Ted
Williams
• Hank
•
Joe DiMagio
Greenbay
The 1st Jewish Athlete
POLITICIANS
•
Dwight Eisenhower- Plans D-Day
•
Richard Nixon
•
George Bush Sr.- Shot Down during Iwo Jima
•
JFK- Pt-109 Sunk
•
Gerald Ford
•
Bob Dole- right Arm Shattered
•
Danial Inouye- Japanese American
JAPANESE INTERNMENT
•
Munson Report said Japanese Americans were
trouble on the Pacific Coast and could be an issue
•
Rationale- was for executive order 9066
•
E.O. 9066 relocated Japanese Americans to
interment camps
•
Anyone with 1/16th heritage must report
JAPANESE INTERNMENT
•
Issei-Born in Japan but moved to the U.S.
•
Nissei- parents were native to Japan, but they were born in the
States
•
Gordon Hirbayashi and Totosaburo Korematsu defy the orders
and appeal to the Supreme Court
•
Civil Liberties Act of 1988- offers an apology to Japanese
Americans and a financial sum
PATRIOTISM
•
To Join the military one had to be at least 18 years
old, stand at least 5 feet tall and weigh at least 105
lbs.
•
Calvin Graham snuck into the Navy when he was
only 12 years old. He won a bronze star and a purple
heart before the Navy figured out he was too young
• On
the flip sidePrivate Eddie Slovik
was charged with
disserting
• Penalty
PATRIOTISM
was death by
Firing Squad
• Historically the last
person that this
happened to was in
the Civil War
PATRIOTISM
• Women
began to find their way into
the war effort as well. Originally they
were nurses
PATRIOTISM
•
They began to join
groups such as the
Women’s Army Auxiliary
Corps. (WAAC)
•
They created the
Women’s Air Force
Service Pilots (WASP)
•
The Created the
Women’s Capital
Voluntary Service
(WAVES)
• In
SEGREGATION
IN THE ARMY
1941, only
4,000 African
Americans were
serving in the
military
• Even
Blood Banks
were segregated
SEGREGATION IN THE ARMY
•
World Heavyweight Boxing Champion- Joe Louis helps Jackie
Robinson not get court martialed
•
Baseball Hall of Famer- Jackie Robinson threatened a bus
driver because his seat was withheld
•
Yancy Williams sued the U.S. government to become an
Aviation Cadet
•
Tuskegee Institute- Black Eagles- trained African Americans to
be pilots
SEGREGATION IN THE ARMY
•
Lt. Cold. Benjamin Davis- 2rd AA to graduate from West Point
(1st African American General)
•
Black Eagles claim to fame- shot down 251 aircraft without
losing a plane
•
Nebraska’s own col. Paul Adams
•
Schwartze Vogelmenshen called them the Black Birdmen
•
Chippie James- 1st African American 4 star General
SEGREGATION IN THE ARMY
• Native
Americans
served
• Navajo
Code
Talkers used their
native language
to confuse
enemies
WAR IN THE PACIFIC- CORAL SEA
•
US Intelligence goal- 10% of a code
•
US intelligence learned Japan was going through the Coral
Sea to New Guinea
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
• Histories
•
US had the Yorktown and Lexington
•
•
very 1st carrier vs. carrier battle
Scuttled the Lexington
Japan had the lost Shoho
WAR IN THE PACIFIC- CORAL SEA
•
The battle lasted 2 days
•
Why? Japan abandoned the fight, no one still
knows why for certain
WAR IN THE PACIFIC- MIDWAY
•
The turning point of
the Pacific war for
the US
•
The Japanese
believed midway
was where Doolittle
launched from
WAR IN THE
PACIFICMIDWAY
Because
Yamamoto
believed this
would be a
decisive victory
He sent 5 carriers and 11
battleships to hunt for
Americans
WAR IN THE PACIFIC- MIDWAY
•
He was also wrong about a few
things
•
1. He thought BOTH US carriers
were sunk at Coral Sea
•
•
Repairs should have taken 90 days but
only took 45 hours
2. Believed the US only had 2
Carriers left- neither of which would
be at Midway
WAR IN THE PACIFIC- MIDWAY
•
Based on intelligence the US sent the
Enterprise, the Hornet, and the Yorktown to
take on the Japanese
•
Stats:
The Japanese outnumbered Carriers 5 to 3
• The Japanese outnumbered aircraft 272 to 180
•
THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC-MIDWAY
• The
Battle
Japanese believed the attack came from the
island to they armed their planes with bombs
• Wave 1 of US planes met the Japanese
overhead and the US inflicted no damagelost 35 of 41 planes
• A 2nd group of planes were launched from
the Enterprise and Hornet and they inflict- no
damage
•
•
Japanese destroyed them
A 3rd group of planes from the
Yorktown happened to find the
Japanese carriers due to their smoke
and lost 7 or 12 planes
The Japanese finally figure out all the
planes must be coming from somewhere
other than the island
So- they called their planes back to
rearm with torpedoes
THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC- MIDWAY
THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC-MIDWAY
•
A 4th set of planes off the Enterprise were flying off
course and found the Japanese Fleet
•
They found the Japanese carriers without any air cover
1. The Akagi- Sunk
• 2. The Kaga- Sunk
• 3. The Soryu- Sunk
• 4. The Hiryu however- was able to fight back but later sunk
•
•
Went after and attacked the Yorktown-sinking it
WAR IN THE PACIFIC- MIDWAY
•
Result- Within 5 minutes the
US took control of the
Pacific
•
It took 5 minutes to change
the direction of the war
•
The Japanese lost 4
carriers, 3500 men and 300
Planes
•
The US lost 1 carrier, 307
men and 150 planes
WAR IN THE PACIFIC- GUADALCANAL
• The
US goes on the offensive for
st
the 1 time in the Pacific
WAR IN THE PACIFIC- GUADALCANAL
•
Was a series of 5 battles
•
The US learns a lesson about the Japanese style of fighting
which is to fight to the death
WAR IN THE PACIFIC- GUADALCANAL
•
5 brothers from the Sullivan family had all enlisted in the war
after a friend was killed on the USS Arizona
•
•
The Navy had a rule- Family doesn’t serve together
Their mother called the Navy and insisted that all 5 boys be on the same
ship
WAR IN THE PACIFIC- GUADALCANAL
•
They served on the USS Juneau
•
At Guadalcanal- The Juneau was torpedoed and all 5 boys
are killed
•
•
1943 a Ship called the USS Sullivan was christened in their honor
Their mother sold war bonds to support the war
PRISONER OF WAR CAMPS
•
93,941 Americans were put in P.O.W. camps
•
Survival rate of 99%
PRISONER OF WAR CAMPS
•
The men were slave laborers
•
They were digging tunnels- 17 feet deep and then used dynamite to push
the holes up to 150 feet deep
•
The fatality rate- 80%
PRISONER OF WAR CAMPS
•
Dog tags all had initials of religious affiliation
•
H stood for Hebrew
•
•
600,000 Jewish soldiers fought in WWII
•
•
Why? For appropriate last rights
35,000 killed, wounded, captured, or missing
Today-Religion is still marked on tags
CONCENTRATION CAMPS
•
•
•
1. Dachau
2. Nordhausen
3. Buchenwald
CONCENTRATION CAMPS
•
Prisoners were transported in 40 and 8’s which meant boxcars
big enough for 40 men or 8 horses
•
1,650 prisoners were sent to the camp with ½ being women
•
Many had volunteered to come to Buchenwald to work in brothels (would be
treated better)
CONCENTRATION CAMPS
•
Men and women were immediately stripped of personal
clothing and belongings
•
Each was given a 2 minute shave as well as a thin shirt and
pants –which had been taken from prisoners who had died
•
1 blanket for every 5 men
CONCENTRATION CAMPS
•
The German Luftwaffe heard a rumor that allied pilots were
being held prisoner so they would showed up to check it out.
When they realized it was true-they told all the men that their
stay was a mistake. Come to find out 40 years later that a
document showed that their execution date was set for less
than 7 days before being transferred
CONCENTRATION CAMPS
•
4. Mauthausen
•
Joseph Morton was a News Reporter
•
•
Believed he was on a plane mission that would be the greatest story of his
life
He sent a story out with another plan that was picked up by censors and
never heard from again
•
Morton was tortured
CONCENTRATION CAMPS
•
•
•
Come to find out he was executed
He was the only American reported killed in a Nazi Camp
Hitler never order the Jewish POW to be killed from the US
•
Why? Didn’t want German POW’s mistreated
THE GREAT ESCAPE
•
It was the duty of all prisoners to try to escape their camps
•
Roger Bushell
•
Goal- to tunnel out of POW camp using engineers, forgers, and tailors
THE GREAT ESCAPE
•
Wally Floody “Tunnel King”
•
•
•
•
Responsible for construction of 3 tunnels
Named the tunnels- Tom, Dick, and Harry
Entrances were hidden under stoves and a drain
Removed dirt and sand in pant legs and spread all over camp yard
THE GREAT ESCAPE
•
The Germans found Dick and Tom- destroyed both of them
•
•
•
20 feet deep and went 336 feet beyond the fences but stopped short of
the forest
76/200 had escaped and as the next one waited for an all clear signalhe thought he saw it (he didn’t) and jumped out next to a German
Guard
Hitler orders the Gestapo to kill all recaptured men
•
Caught 50 men including Bushell
THE GREAT ESCAPE
•
Ms. Robert Chalot
•
•
•
March 30th- gets a letter saying her son had died
4 months later- said her son was missing
9 months later- said her son was a POW and being treated well
• The
GERMANY
AND THE JEWS
starting point
for Hitler’s
pogrom against
the Jews was the
Nuremburg Laws
• Began
in 1933
GERMANY AND THE JEWS
•
Germany filed over 400 pieces of legislation against the Jews
including
Preventing Jews from going to school
• Robbed them of their citizenship
• Denied them their role in society
• Barred them from marrying non-Jews
•
•
•
Defined blonde haired and blued eyed
Prevented Jews from staying in hotels
•
Going to restaurants and theaters too
GERMANY AND THE JEWS
• Issued
the Night and Fog
Decree
•
Designed to authorize the
arrest of any Jew
endangering German
Society
GERMANY AND THE JEWS
• The
United States only allowed Jews of
Distinction and High Merit– Included
Einstein and Freud
GERMANY AND THE JEWS
•
Hitler’s T-4 program
was one of the most
diabolical
Babies born with
disabilities killed so
mothers couldn’t bond
• Hospital patients
suffering from senility
were marked for death
•
GERMANY AND THE JEWS
• Killed
• The
through starvation
began to use sedatives
• Ultimately
used gas
Between 1939 and 19414,000 people per month
killed
Finally, the Wannssee
Conference was called by
the Head of the SS
GERMANY AND THE JEWS
GERMANY AND THE JEWS
• Named
Reinhard
Heydrich
• Goal
established was to
locate all 11 million
European Jews in
Europe
•
As well as coordinate a
program to exterminate
them in the “Final
Solution”
GERMANY AND THE JEWS
• Ravensbruck
was
build for women
• Most
camps were
build close to
railroads
•
Why?
Transportation from
the Ghettos
•
The Nazis built 6 Death Camps
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. Chelmo
2. Treblinka
3. Belzec
4. Majdanek
5. Sobibor
6. Auschwitz
•
GERMANY
AND THE JEWS
More than 1 Million Jews Died Here
GERMANY AND THE JEWS
• In
order to create
the most efficient
manner of death
gas was used such
as Zyklon B
•
2000 people were
gassed in less than
30 minutes
GERMANY AND THE JEWS
• The
ovens began to be used
because mass graves were
overflowing
GERMANY AND THE JEWS
• Symbols
• 1.
in the camps
Yellow Star of David- Jews
• 2. Brown Triangles- Gypsies
• 3. Green Triangle- Criminals
• 4. Purple Triangle- Jehovah's Witness
• 5. Pink Triangle- Homosexuals
GERMANY AND THE JEWS
• The
first camp
freed by the
Russians was
Majdanek
•
They found few
prisoners but what
caught their eye
was 800,000 pairs of
shoes
THE TURNING POINT OF EUROPE
•
Everyone knew an invasion of
France was coming-the only
question was- where and when
•
To prepare for the Allied Invasion,
Hitler ordered the building of the
Atlantic Wall
•
A series of obstacles
•
A. Land Minds
C. Concrete Objects
B. Barbed Wired
Because Hitler was
not happy with the
progress of the
project he puts a
new leader in
charge who was
Erwin Rommell
Immediately over 4 million
land mines were put on
the beaches as
compared to the 40,000
that were in place prior
THE TURNING
POINT IN
EUROPE
Operation Overlord
The Key to the Allied attack
was a Surprise Attack
Chose to sent fake messages
stating they would attack a
Calais
Believable because the
English Channel was shortest
there
THE TURNING POINT IN EUROPE
THE TURNING POINT IN EUROPE
•
To add credibilitycreated the First
Army Group(FUSAG)=Fake
• Under the
Leadership of Gen.
George Patton
THE TURNING POINT IN EUROPE
• Allied
Commanders
chose to attack
Normandy, France
• Why?
Beaches
were in range of
British Planes
THE TURNING POINT IN EUROPE
•
The Main Problem- Cliffs
•
Other problems- Depth of the water and no
ports
The Plan
1. Bombard the beaches
with planes to take care
of land mines
2. Land paratroopers
behind enemy lines
3. Seaborne troops
THE TURNING POINT IN EUROPE
TURNING POINT IN EUROPE
• 4.
Hit 5 beaches simultaneously
• A.
Omaha
• B. Utah
• C. Gold
• D. Sword
• E. Juno
THE TURNING
POINT IN
EUROPE
5. The date was
originally June 5th
but was delayed
because of bad
weather
The Evening of the 5th
the wind was gusting at
15-20 MPH raising 6 ft.
waives
Commander of the
invasion Gen.
Dwight Eisenhower
Told to expect at
least 75% casualty
rate
THE TURNING POINT IN EUROPE
THE TURNING POINT IN EUROPE
•
June 6th 1944
1.
The RAF began peppering the
beaches
2.
The Airborne Paratroopers
missed drops zones with many
landing in ocean and
drowned
3.
As the US hits Omaha Beach
they are facing 100 foot cliffs
fortified by Germans
THE TURNING
POINT IN
EUROPE
4. Sherman Tanks rolled
off transport and sunk
-Col. George Taylor
said “there are 2 kinds
of people on this
beach- The dead and
those about to die, now
lets get out of here”
5. Erwin Rommell was
gone at wife’s birthday
party
TURNING POINT IN EUROPE
• Casualty
• US-
numbers
155,000 men
ashore- 135,000
casualties
• Great Britain11,000 Dead
• Germany- 30,000
Dead
TURNING POINT IN EUROPE
• Highest
Ranking officer actually present
on the beaches- Teddy Roosevelt Jr.
(Brigadier General)
Sadly- dies of heart attack
• Today- Buried in Normandy
•
LIBERATING FRANCE
•
Once the allies had Normandy- they had a foothold
in France
•
General Patton led US 3rd Army to free Paris
•
August 25th, 1944 Germany leaves Paris
BATTLE OF THE
BULGE
Germany had one
last final offensive
left in them, or so
Hitler thought!
This was going to occur
in France, Belgium, and
Luxemburg
Hitler reinforced his
troops with soldiers as
young as 14 years old
BATTLE OF THE BULGE
• Conditions-
(-10)
degrees with wind
and snow
• Early
in the battle
Germany
attacked the
centerlines
creating a bulge
The US was aided by Gen Bradly and
Montgomery’s Men
The battle got its name from area of
mass fighting at center (70X50 mile
area)
As the bulge concluded, Russia was
bearing down on Germany with 6
Million men at their disposal as
compared to Germany’s 3 Million
BATTLE OF THE BULGE
YALTA CONFERENCE
1.
Winston Churchill- Great Britain
2.
Franklin Roosevelt- US
3.
Joseph Stalin- Russia
YALTA CONFERENCE
•
Purpose- Discuss strategy for Germany after the War
•
Decided0 Divide Germany and Berlin into occupied zones
•
What about France? US and GB would carve up their shares for France
YALTA CONFERENCE
•
Following Yalta- Remaining neutral countries joined allies
•
February 13th, 1945- Most destructive attack of war hits
Germany- Dresden
YALTA CONFERENCE
•
Types of Bombs Used- Fire
•
Results- City is destroyed and left in ashes
•
Death Toll- 40,000 People
YALTA CONFERENCE
• April
12, 1945- FDR dies of massive
stroke in Georgia home
• Replaced by Harry Truman
YALTA CONFERENCE
• Hitler
goes below Berlin.
Why? Goes underground
from bombing
•
Expelled from the Nazi party
are
•
•
•
Albert Speer
Herman Goring
Heinrich Himmler- Attempt to
surrender to Britain
•
WHY? Hated Russians
YALTA CONFERENCE
• April
• By
27th, 1945- Mussolini Flees Italy
his side- Clara Petacci
• April 28th, 1945- Petacci and Mussolini
captured and executed
• Their Bodies were then taken to Milan
and hung upside down for public
viewing
YALTA CONFERENCE
• April
29th, 1945- Hitler gives speech
blaming Jews for Germany losing
Along side Hitler- Eva Braun
• Also in the bunker- Joseph Goebbels and his
family
•
SIDE NOTE
•
In 2009- A DNA test of the bodies found in the bunker reveal
new facts
•
The skull formerly thought to be Hitler belonged to a 40 year
old woman
•
WHAT HAPPENED TO HITLER!?
YALTA CONFERENCE
•
May 7th, 1945- Karl Donite signed
unconditioned Surrender
•
May 8th, 1945- Alfred Jodl signed formal
surrender
THE POTSDAM CONFERENCE
•
Winston Churchill
•
Harry Truman
•
Joseph Stalin
•
Agreed to divide Germany into Zones
ISLAND HOPPING IN THE PACIFIC
•
Purpose- Slowly retake individual islands in Pacific while closing
in on Japan
THE PHILIPPINES ARE REVISITED
•
MacArthur vowed he would return
•
Battle of the Leyte Gulf
•
•
Warships used- 36 ships, lost 6
Japan began to used Kamikaze Pilots
IWO JIMA (5X2.5 MILES ISLAND)
• Needed
for airstrip
to launch on
Japan
• The
Japanese
created
underground
tunnels 35 ft. deep
all over island
The US wanted to
be within 400
Miles of Japan
Overlooked by 546
foot Mt. Suribachi
IWO JIMA
Joe Rosenthal takes the iconic
photograph
US casualties- 6821 dead and
20,000 wounded
Made this the bloodiest Marine
battle in history
IWO JIMA
IWO JIMA
•
More than half of all
CMOH’s in WW2
come from this battle
•
Of the 21,000
Japanese soldiers
who fought here 216
survive
•
WHY?
OKINAWA (80X18 MILES)
•
Based on the
horrors of Iwo JimaThe Navy bombs
the island for 1
week before
sending men in
•
50,000 American
Troops vs. 120,000
Japanese troops
OKINAWA
• Desmond
Doss- Conscientious Objector7th day Adventist
•
Carriers 50 wounded men to safety
OKINAWA
• Largest
Harbor
• Battle
loss of Navy life- other than Pearl
took 82 days
• Japanese
lost 16 ships at Okinawa
including worlds largest ship- Yamoto
Japan also lost 300 men
• US lost 245 ships at Okinawa- 5,000 men
•
OKINAWA
•
Curtis LeMay
•
American Commander of the U.S. Air Force
•
Believed he could help end the war by Fire bombing major Japanese Cities
OKINAWA
•
Bombed- Tokyo
•
Burned nearly 16 square miles of Tokyo, destroyed 267,000
buildings and killed more than 80,000 people
•
LeMays men hit over 60 cities over the next 5 months including the 5
biggest industrial centers Nagoya, Kobe, Yokohama, Osaka, Kawasaki
•
Bombings left 13 Million homeless, 2 million buildings destroyed, 260,000 people
dead while the US lost 243 airmen. The success with the se bombing missions led
the US to weigh the costs and gains of dropping atomic bombs
THE ATOMIC BOMBS
• 1938-saw
2 German Physicists discover
that a neutron could split the nucleus of a
uranium atom in a process called Fission.
This event caused a tremendous amount
of energy.
• Scientists
also believed that a uranium
isotope called Plutonium could be even
more intense
THE ATOMIC BOMBS
• 1939-
a letter
from – Einstein
warned US that
Germany was
trying to
developed these
bombs
Responsible for the Program
was- Army Corps. Of Engineers
Commanding the project wasMaj. Leslie Groves
Code name for the project
was- The Manhattan Project
THE ATOMIC BOMBS
THE ATOMIC BOMBS
•
Scientists/Researchers on the project were:
1. Enrico Fermi
• 2. Leo Sziland
• 3. Edward Teller
•
•
Also known as the father of the Hydrogen Bomb
4. Neils Bohr
• 5. Eugene Wigner
• Albert Einstein was never involved in the project
•
THE ATOMIC BOMBS
•
Headquarters for the project- Los Alamos New
Mexico
•
Under the direct leadership of Robert
Oppenheimer
THE ATOMIC BOMBS
• Russian
Spies
Klaus Fuches- Member of American Research
Team
• David Greenglass- Stole blueprints of the
bomb
•
THE ATOMIC BOMBS
•
Alamogordo, New Mexico- Test site for the
bomb
•
Enrico Fermi Feared they may incinerate the entire
state
•
Test explosion was equal to 21,000 tons of TNT
THE ATOMIC
BOMBS
•
Vaporized town holding
the bomb
•
Temp. at ground zero was
estimated at 3X hotter
than the internal temp. of
the sun
•
Explosion could be heard
50 miles away
•
Explosion could be seenthe “flash”- from 250 miles
away
THE ATOMIC BOMBS
•
The final list of target cities- Goal was to limit
cities to fewest shrines/temples/POW camps
1.
Hiroshima- the only target that did not have a
POW Camp
2.
Kokura
3.
Niigata
4.
Nagasaki
The USS Indianapolis was responsible
for delivering the components of the
bomb to Tinian Island
Just after Midnight on July 30th, 1945 4
days after delivering the components- en
route to Leyte Gulf the Indianapolis is sunk
by a Japanese sub- takes 4 days to
rescue them
THE ATOMIC BOMBS
THE ATOMIC BOMBS
•
Of the 1134 men on
board only 318
survive
484 die at the hands of
sharks or drowning
• Finally a plan flew
overhead and saw
them
• Historical Significancegreatest loss of life in
Naval History
•
THE ATOMIC BOMBS
• Deciding
1.
2.
to drop or not to trop
A massive invasion of Japan would cost
millions of U.S. Lives
A massive Naval attack would be useless
THE ATOMIC BOMBS
•
President Harry Truman decided rather to drop
the bombs
•
Told his critics to do their weeping at Pearl Harbor
where thousands of young men are under the
waves
•
The United States wanted the Japanese to believe
they had a full arsenal of atomic bombs
THE ATOMIC BOMBS
• August
• Plane-
6, 1945
Enola gay
• Pilot- Paul Tibbets
• Bomb- Little boy
• Damage- 80,000
dead 35,000 injured
•
Some argue deaths may be as
high as 200,000
•
Buildings destroyed-2/3 of all
buildings
•
•
THE ATOMIC
BOMBS
Including 52 or 55 hospitals
Winds were gusting at 980 Miles
Per Hour
THE ATOMIC BOMBS
• The
White House asked Japan to
surrender or expect a rain of fire from the
skies
Response- Silence
• Taken as- A No
•
THE ATOMIC BOMBS
• August
9, 1945
Should have been
for Kokura
• Plane- Bocks Car
• Pilot- Charles
Sweeney
• Bomb- Fat Man
• Damage- 60-80,00
people
•
THE ATOMIC BOMBS
• The
White House
again asks for
surrender and the
response is Yes
•
One condition- The
Emperor remains as
figure head for
religious
preservation
THE ATOMIC BOMBS
• September
• Famous
2, 1945- V-J Day
Photo- Nurse Kissed