Transcript Review Session #4

AP European
History
Review Session
#4
World War I and the Russian
Revolution, the Great
Depression, World War II, the
Cold War, Modern Europe
Overview
• Europe’s peak (1914) and decline (1915 –
today)
• World War I: causes, conduct of the war, effects
• Russian Revolution: causes, Communist
consolidation
• Inter-War period: Western Europe, the Great
Depression, the rise of Fascism
• World War II: causes, Axis victories, Allied triumph
• Cold War: Western rebuilding, Soviet control of the
east, the Cold War
• Modern Europe: Russia, expansion of the West,
Yugoslavia, current challenges
World War I
the Key Questions
• what were the causes of World War I?
• why did the Allies win?
• what were the effects of World War I?
World War I - Causes
MAIN (Long term) causes
• Militarism: arms race/buildup (esp. Germany)
• Alliances: Triple Alliance, Triple Entente
• Imperialism: esp. competition in Africa
• Nationalism: crises in the Balkans
Short Term Causes
• assassination of the Archduke
• ultimatum
World War I - Events
• Allies vs. Central Powers
• Western Front: the Schlieffen Plan, trench
warfare
• Eastern Front: Russian weakness and
withdrawal
• Total War
• US entry: unrestricted submarine warfare,
Zimmerman Telegram
World War I - Results
• Germany gives up
• Wilson’s 14 Points: self-determination, end of
secret treaties, free trade, arms reduction, League of
Nations
• the Treaty of Versailles: the Big Four, “war guilt”
clause, reparations
• Results: thousands dead, end of empires,
Communism in Russia, angry Germans, Italians,
Japanese, French, etc.  World War II
• don’t forget the Spanish Flu
the Russian Revolution
the Key Questions
• why did it start?
• why did it evolve into a Communist
revolution?
• how did the Bolsheviks consolidate their
power?
the Russian Revolution – Origins
• long-term causes: Alexander III and Nicholas II
(Autocracy), Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, RussoJapanese War, Revolution of 1905 and Bloody Sunday,
Duma
• the Revolution: World War I, Rasputin, February
(March) Revolution, Bolshevik Revolution, Lenin and
Leninism, “peace, land, and bread,” Treaty of BrestLitovsk, Civil War!
the Russian Revolution –
Creating the USSR
• Lenin: Leninism, NEP
• Trotsky vs. Stalin
• Stalin: Five-Year Plans, collectivization, genocide?,
purges
Inter-War Period
the Key Questions
• how did World War I effect politics,
society, art, and economics?
• what caused the Great Depression?
• what were the effects of the Great
Depression?
• how did the Western democracies cope
with the Great Depression?
• how did Fascism take hold in Italy and
Germany?
the Inter-War Period –
the Western Democracies
• Britain: the rise of the Labour Party, the Irish
Question
• France: the war causes economic problems,
Socialism / social welfare programs and the
conservative reaction
the Inter-War Period –
the Great Depression
• causes: the strains of WWI, overspeculation, abuse of
credit, Stock Market crash, little regulation
• effects: massive unemployment, Keynesian
economics, rise of Fascism
the Rise of Fascism
• Italy:
– causes: anger about WWI and fear of communism
– features: Mussolini, Blackshirts, March on Rome,
corporatism, election rigging, peace with the Pope
• Germany:
– causes: anger about WWI, inflation and the
destruction of the German economy
– features: Weimar Republic, Hitler, Mein Kampf,
Reichstag fire, Gestapo, SS, autarchy, persecution of
the Jews: Nuremberg Laws, Kristallnacht
World War II
the Key Questions
• what were the causes of World War II?
• what were the key features of the conflict?
how was it different than previous wars?
• what were the phases of the war and how
did the Allies eventually win?
World War II - Causes
• long-term causes: WWI, economic troubles, ethnic
tensions esp. anti-Semitism
• the road to war: Japan and Manchuria, re-arming
Germany, the Rhineland, appeasement, the Spanish
Civil War, Japan and China,
• precipitating events: Anschluss, the Sudetenland,
Munich Conference and Chamberlain’s “peace for our
time,” all of Czechoslovakia, Nazi-Soviet NonAggression Pact
World War II – the fighting
• Axis Ascendant: invasion of Poland, Blitzkrieg,
Phony War, France defeated  the Vichy Regime,
Battle of Britain, Hitler invades the USSR, Pearl
Harbor, the Final Solution, Rommel in Africa
• Turning Points: Battle of Midway, Battle of
Stalingrad, Rommel defeated in North Africa
• Allies Triumphant: Casablanca and unconditional
surrender, D-Day, the Battle of the Bulge, firebombing
Dresden, Germany surrenders, island hopping,
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrenders
• Diplomacy: Yalta Conference, the UN, Potsdam
Conference
the Cold War
the Key Questions
• how was Europe (and the world)
organized after World War II?
• how did Europe recover from World War
II? in the west? in the east?
• how did the Cold War impact the
dismantling of European empires?
• when was the Cold War the coldest? when
was it the hottest?
• who won the Cold War? how?
Europe after World War II
• the West:
– economic “miracle” through the Marshall Plan,
occupation of Germany
– decolonization: British India, French Indochina,
Africa, the Middle East esp. Israel and Palestine
– European unity: European Coal and Steel
Community  European Economic Community 
Common Market  European Union
• the East: Soviet satellites, East Berlin, crushing
dissent in Hungary, Poland, and Czechoslovakia
(Brezhnev Doctrine), Khrushchev condemned Stalin,
massive industrialization and technological
advancements
the Cold War
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Truman Doctrine
Berlin (blockade, airlift, wall)
NATO and the Warsaw Pact
atomic and nuclear weapons – acquisition, MADness, deterrence,
non-proliferation, missile gap, test ban treaty
the Chinese Civil War and “losing China”
the Korean War
Cuba (revolution, Bay of Pigs, Missile Crisis)
Vietnam War
Nixon goes to China  détente
Afghanistan and the end of détente
Reagan and Gorbachev
perestroika and glasnost
end of the Cold War: Solidarity, slow, peaceful change, quick
collapse of Communism, violence in Romania
Modern Europe
• Russia after the Cold War: collapse of the USSR,
independence for the republics, Yeltsin, Putin, the mob,
oil money
• German unification
• growth of NATO and the EU
• economic issues
FRQ Practice
Analyze the economic and social challenges
faced by Western Europe in the period from
1945 to 1989 (2008 A #4).
Describe and analyze economic policies in
Eastern and Western Europe after 1945.
(2006 B #3)
Other tricky prompts
Identify the grievances of the groups that made
up the Third Estate In France on the eve of the
French Revolution, and analyze the extent to
which ONE of these groups was able to address
its grievances in the period 1789 to 1799.
Compare and contrast the crises in state authority
that precipitated the French Revolution in 1789
and the February and October Revolutions in
Russia in 1917.