Transcript Review Industrial Revolution Through Interwar Periodx

World History II SOL Review
Industrialization through the Rise of
Dictators
The Beginnings of a Technological
Revolution
The Enclosure Movement
Wealthy landowners bought farmland from the poorer
landowners.
After buying up the land of village farmers, the wealthy landowners
enclosed their lands with fencing. They then used the latest farming
inventions and innovations to grow more crops. Smaller landowners could
not compete.
Small famers were forced to either become tenant farmers or to move to
the cities in search of jobs.
The Industrial Revolution
An increase in food supply and living conditions
led to an increase in population.
As the population increased so did the demand
for more food and goods.
Farmers who had lost their lands because of the enclosure movement
moved to the cities in search of jobs. They became factories workers as
England began it’s Industrial Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial
Revolution began
in England because
of its ample
natural resources
like coal and iron
ore and the
invention o f the
steam engine.
The ideas and
innovations of the
Industrial
Revolution would
eventually spread
throughout
Western Europe
and to the United
States.
What generalizations can you make
from this map?
• During the IR, England
saw a growth in the
textile, iron, and steel
industries.
• As more goods became
produced in factories,
fewer goods were
produced in the home
(cottage industries)
As Industrial powers continued to
grow, they sought to control raw
materials and markets through the
world.
What might be the consequence
of this search for raw materials
and markets?
Technological advance of the IR
James Watt: Steam Engine
James Hargreaves: Spinning
Jenny
Technological Advances of the IR
Henry Bessemer: The
Bessemer Process- a more
efficient method for
making steel
Eli Whitney: Cotton Gin
Advances in Science and Medicine
Louis Pasteur’s discovery that
Edward Jenner
• Developed smallpox
vaccination
microorganisms cause disease
ushered medicine and food
preservation into the 20th
century.
Impact of the Industrial
Revolution
Population Increase
Increased standard of living for many, but not all
Improved transportation
Urbanization-the growth of cities
Increased Education
Growth of the middle class
Environmental pollution
Dissatisfaction of working class with working
conditions
The nature of work in the factory
system
Harsh working conditions with
men competing with women and
children for wages
Child labor that kept costs of
production low and profits high
Owners of mines and factories
who exercised considerable
control over the lives of their
laborers
Labor Unions encouraged worker-organized strikes to demand increased wages and improved
working conditions
Wanted
workers’ rights
and collective
bargaining
between labor
and
management
Lobbied for laws
to improve the
lives of workers,
including women
and children
Social Effects of the IR
•
•
•
•
Women and children entering the workplace as cheap
labor
Introduction of reforms to end child labor
Expansion of education
Women’s increased demands for suffrage
Impact of the IR on Slavery
•
•
The cotton gin increased demand for
slave labor on American plantations.
The United States and Britain outlawed
the slave trade and then slavery itself.
Capitalism and market competition fueled the Industrial Revolution.
Wealth increased the standard of living for some.
Social dislocations associated with capitalism produced a range of economic and
political ideas, including socialism and communism.
Economic Systems
Capitalism
• Adam Smith’s The Wealth
of Nations
• Role of market competition
and entrepreneurial abilities
• Impact of the standard of
living and the growth of the
middle class
• Dissatisfaction with poor
working conditions and
unequal distribution of
wealth in society
Socialism and Communism
• Karl Marx’s The Communist
Manifesto (written with
Friedrich Engels) and Das
Kapital
• Response to the injustices
of Capitalism
• Importance to communists
of redistribution of wealth
Industrial nations in Europe needed natural resources and markets to
expand their economies. These nations competed to control Africa and
Asia in order to secure their own economic and political success.
Imperialism spread the economic, political, and social philosophies of
Europe throughout the world.
Forms of Imperialism
Colonies
Protectorates
Spheres of influence
Spheres of Influence
Countries
control
cities/trade –
China is carved
up into spheres
Imperialism around the World
Notes for Imperialism Map
1. China
4. India
•
•
•
Europeans created spheres of influences
Boxer Rebellion-Boxers wanted Europeans
out of their country
Europeans win
•
•
•
East India Company dominated India
Britain takes over India (colony)
Indian nationalism begins
Indian
National Congress
2. Japan
5. Russo-Japanese War- 1905
•
•
•
•
Japan had practiced a policy of isolationism
Commodore Perry of the U.S. opens Japan
to trade
Japan will industrialize and become powerful
•
Russia and Japan want Korea and Manchuria
(China)
Japan wins
3. Egypt (Suez Canal)
6. Vietnam/Cambodia
•
•
•
•
French built the Suez Canal in Egypt
Connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red
Sea
Egypt becomes a protectorate of Britain
French colony (called Indochina_
Boxer Rebellion
A group of Boxers attacking Chinese
Christians
• Society of
Harmonious Fist
• Violent
resistance to
foreign
influence
The Boxer Rebellion: assassination of the German ambassador
Nations competed to
control Africa and Asia in
order to secure their own
economic and political
success.
What might be the result
of this competition?
1. __________________
2. __________________
3. __________________
4. __________________
5. __________________
6. __________________
7. __________________
8. __________________
9. __________________
Causes of World War I
See map
Alliances
Divided
Europe
Militarism
Nationalism
World War I
Competition
Over colonies
Diplomatic
failures
Meaning:
Imperialism
Events of World War I
Assassination
Franz
Ferdinand
A-H
1914
Notes:
Events
U.S. enters WWI
Helps Allies win
1917
Notes:
Russia leaves WWI
Revolution!
1917
Notes:
Leaders of World War I
Woodrow Wilson-United States
Kaiser Wilhelm II-Germany
Reviewing the Causes and Effects of
World War I, The Great War
Effects
• Colonies’ participation in
the war, which increased
demands for independence
• End of the Russian Imperial,
Ottoman, German, and
Austro-Hungarian Empires
• Enormous cost of the war in
lives, property, and social
disruption
The Treaty of Versailles
1. Forced Germany to accept
responsibility for war and loss
of territory and to pay
reparations
2. Limited the German military
3. Creation of a League of
Nations
The Russian Revolution
Tsarist Russia entered World
War I as an absolute monarchy
with sharp class divisions
between the nobility and the
peasants. The grievances of
workers and peasants were
not resolved by the Tsar.
Inadequate administration in
World War I led to revolution
and an unsuccessful
provisional government. A
second revolution by the
Bolsheviks created the
communist state that
ultimately became the U.S.S.R.
Causes of the Russian
Revolution
1. Defeat in the 1905 war
with Japan
2. Landless peasantry
3. Incompetence of Tsar
Nicholas II
4. Military defeats and High
causalities in World War I.
Want an easy way to
remember these causes?
The Russian Revolution put the Czar in
J.A.I.L.
J: Japan humiliates Russia in
the Russo-Japanese War
A: A lot of military losses in
World War I
I: Incompetence of Tsar
Nicholas II
L:Landless Peasants wanted
land
Bolshevik Revolution
• Quickly gain control of
Petrograd and other
cities
• “Peace, Land, and
Bread”
• November 1917 seized
the winter palace and
arrested the government
• Ordered all farm land to
be distributed to
peasants
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Took Russia out of World
War I
Lenin assumes control; the
NEP New Economic Policy
New Economic Policy
– Version of capitalism
– Small factories, farms,
and business can be
privately owned
– Buying and selling of
goods
– Government controls
major industries,
banks, and
communication
Lenin’s Government
• Organized Russia into
several republics
• Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (U.S.S.R.)
• Moscow to control all
republics
• Communist Party
– He created a dictatorship of
the Communist party not
the proletariat
• Lenin died in 1924
Joseph Stalin,
Lenin’s successor
Life under Stalin’s Rule
Command economy in which
the government made all the
economic decisions
5 Year Plans
• Forced the Soviet Union to industrialize
• Increased output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity
• Limited production of consumer goods such as
housing, food, clothing, and other necessary goods
Another Stalin
Policy
Collectivization
• Collective Farms
– Seized all small private
farms and put them in
large government owned
farms
– 5-10 million peasants die
during collectivization
Life under totalitarianism
Secret Police
– Monitored mail, telephone, and planted informants
– Great Purge; Stalin eliminated anyone who threatened his power
• Estimated 8-13 million killed
EUROPE BETWEEN THE WARS
Analyze this political cartoon.
League of Nations
 International cooperative organization
 Established to prevent future wars
 United States not a member
 Failure of League because it did not have
power to enforce its decisions
Mandate
System
French: Syria and Lebanon
British: Palestine and Jordan
During World War I, Great Britain
and France agreed to divide
large portions of the Ottoman
Empire in the Middle East
between themselves. After the
war, the “mandate system” gave
Great Britain and France control
over the lands that became Iraq,
Transjordan, and Palestine
(British controlled) and Syria and
Lebanon (French controlled).
This was supposed to be
temporary arrangement.
However, it planted the seeds for
future wars in the Middle East.
The Great Depression
A period of uneven prosperity in the decade following World War I (the 1920s) was
followed by worldwide depression in the 1930s. Depression weakened Western
democracies, making it difficult for them to challenge the threat of totalitarianism.
German Reparations
Excessive expansion of
credit
Causes of
the Great
Depression
A N D
The Stock Market Crash of
1929
High Protective Tariffs
Expansion of production
capacities and dominance of
the U.S. in the global economy
High Unemployment
Nazi Party’s growing
importance in Germany
Impact of
the Great
Depression
A N D
Nazi Party’s blame of
European Jews for
economic collapse
Collapse of prices in
World Trade
Bank failures and collapse of
Credit
Analyze this political cartoon.
League of Nations
 International cooperative organization
 Established to prevent future wars
 United States not a member
 Failure of League because it did not have
power to enforce its decisions
Mandate
System
French: Syria and Lebanon
British: Palestine and Jordan
During World War I, Great Britain
and France agreed to divide
large portions of the Ottoman
Empire in the Middle East
between themselves. After the
war, the “mandate system” gave
Great Britain and France control
over the lands that became Iraq,
Transjordan, and Palestine
(British controlled) and Syria and
Lebanon (French controlled).
This was supposed to be
temporary arrangement.
However, it planted the seeds for
future wars in the Middle East.
Economic disruptions following World War I led to unstable political
conditions. Worldwide depression in the 1930s provided opportunities for the
rise of dictators in the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, and Japan.
Italy: Benito Mussolini
Germany: Adolf Hitler
Rise of fascism
Ambition to restore the glory
of Rome
Invasion of Ethiopia
Inflation and depression
Democratic government weakened
Anti-Semitism
Extreme nationalism
National Socialism (Nazism)
German occupation of nearby countries
Economic disruptions following World War I led to unstable political
conditions. Worldwide depression in the 1930s provided opportunities for the
rise of dictators in the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, and Japan.
Soviet Union: Joseph Stalin
•
•
•
Entrenchment of communism
Stalin’s policies:
• Five-year plans
• collectivization of farms
• state industrialization
• secret police
Great Purge
Japan: Emperor Hirohito and General Tojo
•
•
•
•
•
Emperor Hirohito had no power
General Tojo, backed my a strong military had all the real power
Militarism
Industrialization of Japan, leading to drive for raw materials
Invasion of Korea, Manchuria, and the rest of China
Mussolini
• Controlled industry,
economy, press, agriculture,
trade and the workers
• Fascist
• Black-shirts, use of violence,
controlled press, limited #
of voters, rigged elections
Stalin
• All economic activity,
industry, industry,
agriculture
• Communist
• Great Purge, violence,
intimidation
Hitler
• Churches, schools,
businesses, workers
• Nazi
• Suspended civil rights,
destroyed communists,
disbanded other political
parties, used terror and
oppression