Transcript The Collapse of the Old Order 1929–1949

The Collapse of the Old Order
1929–1949
I. The Stalin Revolution
A. Joseph Stalin
1. rose within the Communist Party
- heavily industrialized USSR
2. 1928: series of Five-Year Plans (centralize
state control over economy)
B. Collectivization of Agriculture
1. Squeezed the peasantry to pay for:
– first Five-Year Plan
– To provide food
– organized small farms (collectives)
2. Violent suppression of kulak peasants
– caused massive famines
C. Second Five-Year Plan
1. Out of fear of Nazi regime
(1933–1937) :
– Stalin shifted to heavy
industries & armaments
– food shortages
D. Stalin Terror: Great Purges
1. Industrialization & collectivization by force
– secret police (NKVD)
– work camps: gulags
– the obedient rose within the Party
– new opportunities for women to join workforce
2. Success?
– quickest industrialization ever
"There is a person, there is a problem; there
is no person, there is no problem."
Changing History
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II. The Great Depression
A. Crash!
1. N.Y. stock market collapsed: October 29, 1929
Caused a chain reaction:
• consumers cut spending
• companies laid off workers
• small farms failed
B. International Crash
1. N.Y. banks recalled loans to Germany &
Austria:
• payment of war reparations to France & Britain
ended, who then could not repay war loans to U.S.
2. 1930: isolationist legislation
• world trade declined by 62% from 1929-1932
C. Economic Effects
1. France & Britain escaped the worst…
colonies purchased their products
2. Japan & Germany suffered much more
3. India & China little affected
D. Political Effects
1. Profound political repercussions:
• U.S.: gov’t programs like New Deal legislation
• Germany & Japan: radical politicians devoted
economies to military build-up…
• Latin America: led to military dictatorships
III. The Rise of Fascism
A. fasci di combattimento
1. Post WWI Italy: thousands of unemployed veterans &
violent youths formed the “league of combatants”
• militias & thugs
• nicknamed: “Black Shirts”
2. Leader of fascist party: Benito Mussolini
Il Duce
B. Problems in Germany
1. Germany had been hard-hit by:
• Treaty of Versailles
• hyperinflation of 1923
• the Depression
2. Germans blamed: communists, Jews, &
foreigners
C. Adolf Hitler
1. Austrian-born German & WW I
veteran
2. Became leader of National Socialist
Workers’ Party (Nazis) & led an
unsuccessful uprising (1924)
• 1925 –wrote Mein Kampf in prison
outlining radical racial theories
• “Brown Shirts” miltias
Adolf Hitler
D. Taking Control
1. Depression: Nazis gained support
2. Hitler:
• became Chancellor (1933)
• assumed dictatorial power
• declared himself Führer of the Third Reich (1934)
Nazi Youth Movement
Propaganda Posters
IV. East Asia (1931–1945)
A. Manchurian Incident (1931)
1. Ultranationalists in Japan desired a colonial
empire in China
2. 1931: Japanese Army conquered Manchuria
3. Japan industrialized province & N.E. China
4. In Japan: gov’t grew more authoritarian
B. Chinese Communist Party
1. Main challenge to Chiang Kai-shek’s
gov’t: Communist Party
2. Communists flee to countryside
–
–
CCP led by Mao Zedong
calls for land redistribution from
wealthy to peasants
C. The Long March
1.
Kai-shek’s Guomindang army
pursued Communists into the
mountains
2.
Mao responded with guerilla
warfare tactics
3.
1934: Guomindang forces
surrounded Communists &
they fleed on the “Long
March”
4.
Communists ally with…
Mao Zedong (1893-1976)
D. Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)
1. Japanese troops launched full-scale invasion of
China
2. War strain on Japan’s economy:
- dependent on U.S. steel, tools, & oil
2. Japanese Atrocities at city of Nanjing (1937-40)
“Rape of Nanking”
2004 AP Exam: Compare-Contrast
V. The Road to War
“Beer Hall” Putsch
A. Nazi Policies
1. Policies:
– Public works
– Military build-up
2. Caused:
– economic boom
– lower unemployment
– rising standards of living
B. Road to War (1933–1939)
1.
Hitler’s goal: more “living space” (Lebensraum) through
territorial conquest
2.
Tested other powers:
–
–
–
withdrew from League of Nations
military conscription
established air force (Luftwaffe)
3.
Italy invaded Ethiopia (1935) & Hitler sent troops into
Rhineland (1936)
4.
Hitler invaded Austria (1938)
C. Appeasement
1. Three causes for weakness of the “democracies”
“Democracies” used appeasement policy due to:
– fear of another world war
– feared communism more than Germany
– World believed Hitler with the Munich
Agreement that he would expand no more…
D. Taking More…
1.
March 1939 Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia…
France & Britain seek Soviet alliance
2.
Hitler & Stalin were negotiating the Nazi-Soviet Pact:
- each agreed to divide Poland