Transcript American History Chapter 17: World War II: The Road to War

American History Chapter 17:
World War II: The Road to War
(1931 – 1941)
I. The Rise of Dictators
Objectives
• Find out how the government and the
economy of the Soviet Union changed
under Stalin.
• Discover the origins and goals of Italy’s
fascist government.
• See how Hitler rose to power in Germany
and Europe in the 1930s.
• Learn about the causes and results of the
Spanish Civil War.
Bell Ringer
• The world of the 1930s was a tremendously
unstable place, due to economic crisis and a
slow recovery from the devastation of WWI.
How could this allow totalitarian leaders like
Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini to take over?
• In what ways might France’s fury with Germany,
and its desire for punishment and revenge, now
give rise to a bitter harvest?
A) Setting the Scene
• Page 668
1) Totalitarian: total control over a nation –
dominates every aspect of life, using terror
to suppress individual rights and silence all
forms of opposition.
2) Fascism: political philosophy that
emphasizes the importance of the nation or
an ethnic group and the supreme authority
of the leader.
• Historically, Communists and Fascists have
hated each other
B) Stalin’s Soviet Union
• Lenin never finished the complete communism of the
USSR
• Stalin took over in 1924 and instituted several “5 year
plans” to modernize agriculture and build new industries.
• Farmers told to join communal farms controlled by the
state – fought it – Stalin punished then by withholding
food and camps in Siberia – millions moved to cities.
• Millions died from starvation and food production
dropped causing more to starve
• Assigned people to work and build new industrial centers
– iron, steel, oil, and coal – no housing clothing, and
goods – became modern, standard of living fell
Stalin’s Reign of Terror
• Completed domination by purges
3) purges: removing enemies and
undesirables from power
• Started with “show trials” – guilty executed,
deported, or Siberia.
• Purged the Communist party, local party
officials, collective farms, secret police, and the
military.
• 1 million executed, rest put in forced labor
camps
• Stalin energizes as the defacto ruler
C) Fascism in Italy
• Benito Mussolini – WWI veteran, Versailles
Treaty should have given Italy more (Empire)
formed Fascist Party
• IL Duce (the Leader) – had gangs of
“blackshirts” beat up opposition – threatened to
march on Rome – King named him Prime
Minister – established dictatorship
• Italy’s economy improved – miracle worker –
wanted a new Roman Empire
• October 1935 – invaded Ethiopia – May 1936 –
Addis Ababa in Italian hands.
D) Hitler’s Rise to Power
• 1889: born at Braunau am Inn, Austria.
• Real name was Schicklgruber.
• Failed to pass the entrance exam at the Academy of
Fine Arts in Vienna.
• 1914, Hitler volunteered for WWI, rejected first time
because he failed to pass physical.
• Awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class and later Iron Cross 1st
Class.
• 1918 suffered from a poison gas attack and was in the
hospital when the war ended.
• War left him mad at Germany’s defeat and the
degrading terms of the Treaty of Versailles – war
guilt clause
• Joined the Nazi Party and quickly became the leader.
(55th member)
a)
The
Nazi
Party
1919 – Hitler joins DAP
•
4)
•
•
•
•
•
•
1920
– mark
100
to German
$1 Workers Party –
1919
– joined
the National
Socialist
(Nazis)
1921 – becomes Der Fuhrer
Nazism: political philosophy (fascist) about
German
racial superiority.
1921 nationalism
mark 180and- $1
Great speaker
1922 Putsch:
mark November
2000 - $1
Beerhall
1923,dollar
tried to take over
Munich – sentenced 5 years – served 9 months
1923 mark 4,200,000,000 – 1$
Wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) – wrote about the
problems of Germany and who to blame – Jews and
Communists
Called for Lebensraum – living space
Called for purifying the “master race” – blond blueeyed Germans called Aryans
When the Great Depression hit in the 1930’s Hitler
promised to stabilize the country, rebuild the economy,
and restore the empire. (Reich)
b) Hitler Becomes Chancellor
• 1932 Nazis largest party in Reichstag
•
Herman Goering calls for a no-confidence vote of chancellor von Papen
•
New elections – tried to ban Nazis –
• 1933 President Hindenburg makes Hitler
Chancellor
• Reichstag burns down – blames communists
• Hitler evokes Article 48 in German Constitution –
emergency powers – becomes dictator
• Hindenburg dies – declares himself Der Fuhrer
(the leader)
1936 Berlin Olympic Games
• Hitler wanted to showcase his “master
race” of Aryans
• US enters African American Jesse Owens.
• He wins 4 gold medals
• “I learned that the false leaders and sick
movements of this earth must be stopped
in the beginning, for they turn humanity
against itself”.
c) Germany Rearms
• Secretly violate Versailles treaty and rearm
• Built the autobahn – super highway
• 1936 – unemployment 0 – depression over
• March 7th 1936, remilitarizes Rhineland –
banned by treaty – no argument from
Allies
5) Axis Powers – Germany makes a
treaty with Italy forming an alliance
b) Germany Expands
•
March 1938, Anschluss – Austria’s political union with
Germany (annex Austria)
• Hitler demanded the Sudetenland – industrial region of
Germans in Czechoslovakia.
• Neville Chamberlain and Edouard Daladier gave in –
afraid of war.
• Munich Conference – met and gave into Hitler (Joe
Kennedy)
6) Appeasement – giving in to a competitor’s
demands in order to keep peace.
• Chamberlain cheered at home “Peace in our time”
• No one consulted Czechoslovakia
E) The Spanish Civil War
• Chaos in Spain before elections of 1936
• Liberals won – called Republicans
• Military led by General Francisco Franco
rebelled – called Nationalists
• Germany and Italy supported Nationalists
• USSR supported Republicans
• Many US citizens fought for Republicans
(communists)
• 1939 Nationalists win – Franco dictator until
1975
Review
• How did Stalin change the government
and the economy of the Soviet Union?
• What were the origins and goals of Italy’s
fascist government?
• How did Hitler rise to power in Germany
and Europe in the 1930s?
• What were the causes and results of the
Spanish Civil War?