Transcript The Course of the War

The Course of the War
Hindenberg Line
• Germany wanted to hold on to gains so
they build a defensive position that was
superior to anything.
• 100 yards deep of barbed wire
The Schlieffen Plan
• The Original Schlieffen Plan was to go
through Belgium and encircle Paris.
• Didn’t happen since the Belgians put up a
good fight
• British Expeditionary Force (BEF) met the
Germans at the Mons on the 23rd of
August
• Retreated to the River Marne
German Retreat to Aisne
• Germans were overstretched and tired
• French and British drive them back to the
Aisne River.
• Both sides dig in and trench warfare
begins.
Race to the Sea
• Both sides tried to outflank each other.
• Which is termed a race to the sea.
• Form a Trench that goes from France
through up to Belgium Coast
• Luckily the Allies had control of the sea
lanes.
•
Enabling Act
• Since Hitler had two thirds majority he passed
this act that enabled him to pass laws without
the Reichstag.
• Basically made him have all the power to make
laws. What he said went.
• Appointed new state parliaments to pass his
laws. Then disbanded Parliament.
• Got rid of all unions
• Confiscated funds and property of all the
opposition parties sent leaders to Concentration
camps.
Meine Kampf
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Means “My Struggle”
Hitler Dictated this while in prison
Contains all of his ideas for Germany
Included his hatred of the Jewish Race
and the superior Aryans.
Maginot Line
• French built a line of defences
• Germans went around the line of defences
and surrounded it
• French surrendered.
• Germany takes Paris. French allowed to
Control Southern France.
• Petain becomes a puppet ruler to Hitler,
does everything Hitler wants.
Miracle at Dunkirk
• After French surrender, French and British
troops run to the Port of Dunkirk, still in
Allied control.
• Britain hoped to be able to save 50,000
troops.
How did it work
• Royal Air Force shot down many German
bombers.
• Hitler didn’t send in tanks so he could save
them to fight the French
• Land was flooded around Dunkirk, not
good for tanks.
• Goering said the bombers would do the
job.
Battle of Britain
Operation Sealion
• Hitler needed control of sea and air to
invade with troops.
• Germany uses the Luftwaffe (air force
bombers) to destroy ships and air bases.
Blitz
• Just when the British we about to lose
their last air field Germany attacked
London.
• This was to try and get the British to
surrender.
• Revenge for British bombing of German
cities.
• Everything was targeted.
Blitz
• Targeting cities did allow the British to
rebuild the air Force.
• Built 1836 planes in 4 months.
• Germans were losing twice as many
planes.
• British had radar technologies
• German Planes could not fight long as
they would run out of fuel.
Operation Barbarossa
• Hitler Knew the only way Britain could fight
back was with help from the Soviets or the
U.S.
• Hitler attacks the Soviets because he
hates communism
• Valuable resources
• Living space for Germans (Lebensraum)
Failed
• The geography of the U.S.S.R was not
suitable for Blitzkrieg (too big)
• Hitler spread out his troops to attack three
areas at the same time.
• Winter set in and troops froze to death
• Allies provided aid through the artic and
Persia.
Question 7 Treaty of Versaille
Essay question 2
• Alsace Lorraine returned to France
• Belgium Poland and Czechoslovakia were
given parts of Germany.
• all overseas colonies given to Allies
(Britain, France, Japan)
• Free port city of Danzig
Military Gains
• German army reduced to 100,000 troops
• Forbidden to have air force
• Reduce navy to 6 ships, subs to be
handed over to Britain.
• Admission of war guilt
Reparations
• Germany to pay damages to France and
Belgium in money or resources for 30
years.
• France gets Saar coal mines for 15 years
• Allied troops establish DMZ in the
Rhineland for 15 years.
• League of Nations formed.
Question 8 Nazi Party Aims
Nationalism
• All Germans in a
single Country
• Destroy the Treaty of
Versailles
• Rearmament
Socialism
• Workers to share in
profits
• Big companies to be
taken over by state
• Land shared for the
benefit of all
Nazi Party Aims
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•
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Anti-Semitism
Hatred of Jews
Reguarded as lowest
race
Blamed for all
problems
Remove Jews from all
important positions in
society
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•
•
Other Aims
Destroy Communism
Strong central
government
Increase old age
pensions
Educate gifted
children at states
expense.
Why did Stalin Choose the
Nazis
Question 9
Nazi Soviet Pack
• Hitler and Allies both wanted the Soviets
on their side.
• Hitler did not want a war on two fronts
East (Soviets and West (Allies).
• Stalin was weak after the war and purges.
• Stalin was terrified of being overthrown.
He killed or imprisoned 11 million people
including army officers.
Nazi Soviet Pack
• Hitler and Allies both wanted the Soviets
on their side.
• Hitler did not want a war on two fronts
East (Soviets and West (Allies).
• Stalin was weak after the war and purges.
• Stalin was terrified of being overthrown.
He killed or imprisoned 11 million people
including army officers.
What was Blitzkrieg
Question 10
Blitzkrieg
• German Attack Strategy
• Based on planes and tanks
• Bombers attacked airfields and
communication centres
• Limited reinforcements and defences
Blitzkrieg
• Paratroopers dropped behind enemy lines
• Captured bridges and communication
towers
Blitzkrieg
• Bombers attacked enemy strong points
• Tanks broke through weakened points and
outflanked front lines
Why was it effective?
• New tactic
• Allies prepared for trench warfare and
spread themselves thin to cover the
borders.
• Speed of tanks allowed Germans to
surround allies in the trench.
• Allies were on the defensive prepared
for a long struggle.
Deliverance Day (D-Day)
Question 11
• After 2 years of planning D-day is launch.
• Allies land on the beaches of Normandy.
• Landing spots are named Utah, Omaha for
the U.S, Juno for Canada, Gold and
Sword for British.
• Operation code name Overlord
D-Day Continued
• Airborne troops protected the flanks
• Navy bombarded the Nazi fortifications
• Nazis did not suspect the landing at
Normandy allies sent a decoy invasion
at Calais
• Hitler decided to not send
reinforcements to Normandy
• Air force bombed Nazi comunication
towers.
D-Day Success
• At the end of the first day the allies
controlled 10 kms of beach.
• Landed half a million vehicles and 4 million
tons of supplies. (mostly U.S.)
• August, 2 months later, Paris is liberated
Intro to Communism
Terms: Bourgeoisie, Proletariat,
Marx
Marx’s View on Capitalism
• Communism was a theory by Karl Marx as
a way to organize society fairly.
• Marx saw that capitalism creates classes
in society.
• Bourgeoisie are the owners
• Proletariat are the workers
• These two classes will continually be in
conflict.
Marx’s View on Capitalism
• Bourgeoisie own all the capital (factories,
tools etc)
• They also get all the profits.
• They can reinvest the profits in the
company or remove it and pay
themselves.
Marx’s View on Capitalism
• Proletariat – These are the workers and
get paid a wage.
• They get no share in Company profits.
• At the mercy of the Bourgeoisies.
• The goal of the Bourgeoisie is to reduce
the costs of production and pay as little as
possible.
Term
“Dictatorship of the Proletariat”
• A “dictatorship of the proletariat” will be
created to organize the country.
• They will ensure that the gains of the
revolt is secured from the capitalist.
• Most “Communist regimes” have only
achieved this.
Person
Vladimir Lenin
• Lenin was leader of the Communist
Bolshevik party.
• Aided by Germany because he wanted
Russia to get out of the war.
• Party increased from 26000 to 2 million
• Created a military group called the red
Guards
November 1917
• Lenin and the Bolsheviks seize power in a
revolution.
• Lenin gives all land to the peasants
• Factories are given to the workers who
elect a committee to run them.
Term: Dictatorship of the Proletariat
• Lenin sets up a Dictatorship of the
Proletariat
• Kills all political opponents including the
tsar
• Education increased
• Religion banned in schools, priests
prosecuted
• Labour laws include 8 hour days, health
benefits, Holidays, pension mandatory
Terms: Yalta Conference
Yalta Conference
• The three leaders met at Yalta, Soviet
Union.
• Germany was to be defeated and
disarmed.
• Split into four zones of occupation given to
the Allies.
Yalta Conference
• Eastern European countries were to have
free elections.
• The USSR was to join the war against
Japan.
• United Nations set up.
• Germany was to pay reparations, Stalin
wanted a large fixed sum the Allies would
not agree with.
Term: Potsdam
Potsdam Conference
• Occupation zones decided.
• Nazi party banned and were to be tried as
war criminals.
• For reparations each power was to collect
industrial equipment from its zone. USSR
zone was mostly agriculture.
• Germans living in Poland, Hungary, and
Czechoslovakia were to return to
Germany.
Tensions after Potsdam
• Truman replaced Roosevelt after his
death.
• Stalin invited non communist leaders in
Poland to the Soviet Union and imprisoned
them. Communists replaced them in
Government.
• Truman did not tell Stalin about plans to
drop bomb on Japan.
Tensions after Potsdam
• Truman was suspicious since USSR had
the largest army in the world.
• USSR was developing its own atomic
Bomb.
• Truman believed Stalin was influencing
Eastern Europe to become communists.
Term: Truman Doctrine
• U.S. President Harry Truman believed that
is was the responsibility of the U.S. to
prevent the spread of Communism in the
world.
• Change in foreign policy from isolationism
which was practiced throughout the two
world wars.
UN Involvement
Term: Domino Theory
• Truman was afraid that if Korea fell to
Communism than so would Japan and
other Capitalists countries. (Domino
Theory).
• 16 countries supported the UN invasion of
Korea including Canada.
• Truman chose General Macarthur to lead
the force.
Term 38th Parallel
• They meet at the 38th
parallel (latitude) and
divided the country in
two.
1st phase
Terms: Macarthur, Yalu river
• June – Sept.
• North Korea pushes
the South all the way
back to a small corner
of the country called
Pusan.
2nd phase
• Macarthur organised
a landing at Inchon.
• Effectively surrounds
N Korean troops.
• Despite China’s
warnings they cross
the 38th parallel.
3rd phase
• US ignore China and
push all the way to
the Yalu River.
• This borders with
China.
• Macarthur ignored
Truman’s orders and
began to approach
the Yalu.
• China enters the war.
• Pushes the force
back past the 38th
parallel.
• Un counter Attack
drives them back to
the 38th parallel.
• Armistice signed in
1953.
Rhee and Macarthur
• Sigmund Rhee - U.S supported Leader of
South Korea, Capitalist.
• General Macarthur – General made
famous after war in the pacific. General in
charge of the Korean War.
Cuban Missile
Crisis
Person Fulgencio Batista
• In 1950, Cuba was
ruled by a ruthless
dictator Fulgencio
Batista.
• He killed all opponents
and used the military to
support his rule.
Batista Government
• Capitalist government.
• Military supported by the U.S
• He and members of his government were
very rich while the rest of Cubans were
poor.
• Disliked Communists.
Batista Government
• The capital, Havana,
was treated as a
playground for rich
Americans.
• It was controlled by
American Italian
Mafia Leader Lucky
Luciano.
• Lucky set up a
cocaine operation and
ran casinos.
Batista Government
• Was also used to hide money from illegal
activities in the U.S.
• Many Americans set up factories in Cuba
to take advantage of local resources like
sugar cane and tobacco. Ex. Palmolive –
Colgate.
• This resulted in many rich Americans and
very poor citizens of Cuba
Cuban Revolution
Person: Fidel Castro
• Fidel Castro was a lawyer and was
appalled at the corruption for the Batista
government.
• Received support through educating the
poor on the corruption of the government.
• He joined forces with Che Guevara and
organised an army which overthrew the
Batista government.
Castro Regime
• Castro’s first business was to execute all
the corrupt government officials that
abused the poor.
• Then he nationalised all the foreign
American assets.
• Wealth was to be invested in Cuba.
• With this money he set up free health
care.
Term: Bay of Pigs Invasion
• Cuba has fell to Communism and Castro
is allied with the USSR because of the
trade embargo.
• Kennedy could not have a communist ally
50 miles off the coast of Florida.
• Many people who did not agree with
Castro and Communism fled the country
and became exiles.
Bay of Pigs 1961
• Kennedy decided to get the CIA to train
the exiles and plan an invasion of Cuba.
• Exiles taking country back sounds a lot
better than a US invasion.
• The invasion was a great failure and
Castro captured and jailed many of the
exiles.
Results of Bay of Pigs 1961
• Because of this Castro felt threatened and
allied closure with the USSR.
• He needed them for protection.
• Allowed Russia to install military bases.
• Russia began shipping weapons into
Cuba.
Khrushchev and Gulag
• Khrushchev Leader of the Soviet Union
during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
• Policy of “Destalinisation” throughout
Russia and told of the Gulag Prisons.
• Gulag – Prisons and Labour camps Stalin
created to deal with anyone who opposed
him.
Détente, Hotline, MAD
• Détente – Time of peace or settling of tension
during a conflict.
• Hotline – direct line of communication which was
set up after the Cuban Missile crisis between the
USSR and the USA.
• MAD – Mutually Assured Destruction – Theory
which states that if one country attacks with a
Nuclear weapon then the other would counter,
this would continue until both countries are
destroyed.
Short Answer 1. Marshall Plan
• Truman believed Communism grew in
countries in poverty.
• Many governments were struggling to
rebuild after the war.
• They realised that if they built up Europe
now, they could have a trading partner for
life and keep it from falling to communism.
• Created by General George Marshall
Marshall Plan
• The USA offered money, equipment and
goods to states willing to work together to
create recovery.
• Included cash machinery, food and
technology.
• In return, they would agree to buy
American goods and allow American to
invest capital in their in their industries.
Results
• 16 nations set up the Organisation for
European Economic Cooperation.
• In 1953 US gave 17 billion
• Increased tensions and divide between
East and West.
• Stalin prevented Soviet countries from
engaging in the plan.
Results
• Stalin accused the USA of using the plan
for their own selfish interests
• Plan to dominate Europe and help the
American Economy.
Short Answer Question:
2. Berlin Blockade 1948-49
Berlin Blockade
Political Divisions
• After Potsdam Berlin was divided between
West (allied controlled and East USSR
controlled.
• West was capitalist democracy and East
was Socialist.
Berlin Blockade
Reconstruction Differences
• Allies wanted to rebuild Germany to be a
strong country.
• Wouldn’t fall to Communism
• Create a trading partner
• Act as a shield against the spread of
communism in Europe
Berlin Blockade
Reconstruction Differences
• USSR wanted a weak Germany that would
be incapable of an attack.
• USSR refused to let their zone trade with
the Western allied zone (West Berlin)
Berlin Blockade
Conflict
• Since Berlin was in Soviet zone, they
controlled all access to city.
• Believed the Allies had no business in
Berlin since it was in the Soviet zone.
• U.S put up a military base.
• Capitalist way of life was on show as the
U.S tried to make their zone better.
Question 2 Berlin Blockade
• In protest, Stalin decided to restrict access
to Berlin by the Allies.
• Hoped to get the allies to pull out of Berlin
by starving the people.
• Abandon plans to develop Germany
• Eventually the people would turn to him
and switch to Communism and create one
city.
Berlin Blockade
Western Options
• Ignore and drive through Blockade.
Advantages: 1)Show the Russians the U.S
could not be blackmailed.
2)They were the only ones with an A
bomb.
Disadvantages: 1)High risk of War
2)Russian forces outnumbered U.S forces in
Europe.
Berlin Blockade
Option 2: Pull Out of Berlin
Advantages:
1) Avoid any risk of War
Disadvantages:
1)Loss of prestige (positive reputation) for
the Western powers.
2) No one trust the Americans in the future
to stand against Communism.
Berlin Blockade
Option 3: Supply West Berlin by Air
Advantages:
1)Less risk of War than option 1
Disadvantages:
1) Risky Operation 4000 tons of supplies
required daily.
2) Costly to supply by two million people by
air.
Short Answer 3. and Terms
Socialism v. Capitalism
• Usually 1 party state
• Industry and
agriculture owned by
the state. People
encouraged to work
for the common good.
• Classless society with
no profit making
• Elections and more
than one political
party.
• Most industry and
agriculture owned by
individuals.
• They employ workers
and keep all profits
made.
• Profits create classes
of people.
Terms: Bourgeoisie, Proletariat,
Marx
Marx’s View on Capitalism
• Communism was a theory by Karl Marx as
a way to organize society fairly.
• Marx saw that capitalism creates classes
in society.
• Bourgeoisie are the owners
• Proletariat are the workers
• These two classes will continually be in
conflict.
Marx’s View on Capitalism
• Bourgeoisie own all the capital (factories,
tools etc)
• They also get all the profits.
• They can reinvest the profits in the
company or remove it and pay
themselves.
Marx’s View on Capitalism
• Proletariat – These are the workers and
get paid a wage.
• They get no share in Company profits.
• At the mercy of the Bourgeoisies.
• The goal of the Bourgeoisie is to reduce
the costs of production and pay as little as
possible.
1st stage of Communism
Revolt
• Eventually working class (proletariat) will
revolt and overthrow the owners
(bourgeoisie).
• They will take over ownership of the
means of production (factories, land etc.)
• This will dissolve all classes and equality
will be achieved.
Term
“Dictatorship of the Proletariat”
• A “dictatorship of the proletariat” will be
created to organize the country.
• They will ensure that the gains of the
revolt is secured from the capitalist.
• Most “Communist regimes” have only
achieved this.
Question 4. Kennedy’s Options
Option 1 Do Nothing
• He could do nothing and ignore the
missiles.
• This would have been political suicide
and if the Russians had seen this as
weakness on his part, they could have
taken advantage of it.
• Lose public support and be seen as a
weak president.
Option 2 Invasion
• He could order a full scale military
invasion of Cuba.
• This would escalate the problem as
there were 22000 Soviet troops there.
• Heavy casualties would look bad on the
presidency.
• Did not know where all the sites were
or if any were operational and would be
fired before they were captured.
Option 3 - Air Strike
• He could order an air strike against the
missile bases only.
• The problem again would be Russian
casualties.
• Air Force was not sure it could deliver
pin-point bombing raids on what were
relatively small targets.
Option 4 - Diplomacy
• He could call on the Russians to remove the
missiles explaining the damage their
presence was doing to Russian/American
relations.
• However, the Russians were highly unlikely
to listen to a ‘polite’ request especially as
they even refused to recognise the existence
of the missiles at the United Nations
emergency meeting on the matter.
Option 5 - Blockade
• He could put a naval blockade around
the island - quarantine it - and not allow
any more Russian ships to enter Cuba.
• This would still leave missiles on Cuba
but the negotiations would continue in
the background while publically
Kennedy would be seen to be doing
something specific.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Short Answer Question 5
Lenin to Stalin
• Lenin dies from
multiple strokes in
1924
• Stalin opposed the
New Economic Policy
of Lenin as it was not
Socialism.
• A new class of rich
landowners formed
called “Kulaks”
Collectivisation
• Stalin felt he needed to modernise and
industrialise.
• In order for industrialisation to occur there
needs to be modernised farming
techniques.
• Greater yield from less work would allow
farmers to leave land and go work in
factories.
• Modernisation meant using tractors and
machines on large farms
Collectivisation
• Stalin took control of small farms
controlled by one family and merged them
into large plots of land that supported
many families.
• The government then gave them tractors
and seeds.
Industrialisation
Stalin’s Aims
• Security – threatened from Western
Nations, needed to modernise the Military
• Prove Communism was right
• Control – Stalin needed to control his
country so revolutions did not occur
• Agriculture – Needed to be able
manufacture tractors and farm equipment
Term: 5 Year Plans
First plan 1928-32
• Increase armaments (military) by mining
iron, coal and producing steel.
• Take over all private business
• 1929 Stalin ordered it to be completed in 4
years.
5 year Plan
2nd Plan 1933 - 37
• Concentrated on consumer goods and
housing projects.
• Had to be abandoned because of
suspicion around Hitler
• Went back to producing weapons.
5 Year Plan
3rd Plan
• Focused on luxury goods such as
bicycles, and radios that were in other
industrialised countries.
• Also abandoned when Hitler invaded
Results of 5 Year Plan
• Output – Soviet Union made huge
advances to make it the world’s second
largest industrial Power
• New industrial centres and towns were
built from scratch in the centre of the
Union, protected from invasion
• See handout
• Power and transport projects were
completed including huge hydroelectric
dams
• Urban Population increased by 29 million.
Stalin’s Dictatorship
• Stalin used
propaganda to create
a “cult of Stalin”
• He had statues and
places named after
him. (Stalingrad)
• People had to clap
when his name was
mentioned in
meetings
Culture and Censorship
• Stalin reviewed every film and book written
to make sure it promoted the country.
• Stories had to celebrate the common
working people and the successes of
Communism
• Anyone in violation would be sent to
Labour camps or “Gulags”
Education
• Children were taught that Stalin was the
“Great Leader”
• Students were taught Stalin’s version of
History
• Religion was banned and leaders
imprisoned
• Stalin was the only one to be worshipped.
Secret Police and Labour
Camps
• Stalin created and expanded his secret
police force to search out anyone in
opposition to his government.
• Guilty people were sentenced to death,
exile or hard labour.
• Labour camps called Gulags were set up
for prisoners.
• Millions of people were sent to do forced
labour.
Purges
• Stalin was always fearful of losing power.
• Used terror in the form of Purges to get rid
of any opposition.
• This also helped with labour in mines
Purges 1930-40
• Managers and workers that did not meet
the five year plans or talked bad about
them
• Kulaks that opposed collectivisation
• 1934 Opposition party members
• 1935 senior communists that may support
Other leaders (Trotsky)
Purges
• Ordinary citizens – if someone suspected
a neighbour of not supporting the
government they could be arrested.
• Children were encouraged to tell on their
parents.
• People tortured to confession
• 1 million people in Moscow killed
Purges and Results
• 1937 the Red Army – Most senior officers
and officials were killed or sent to Gulags.
• Left the army unprepared against Hitler’s
invasion.
• Executed = 1 million
• Died in Camps = 2 million
• In prison = 1 million
• Gulags = 8 million
• These are figures form one year.
Results Continued
• Most of the advantages of Communism
was nullified after this.
• Expert scientists, administrators and
Engineers were usually sent to “Gulags” or
killed.
• People would tell on each other for self
interest.
• Stalin even killed members of his own
family.
The Road to War
Hitler’s Aims
Causes of WW2 Essay Question
2
•
•
•
•
Cause 1. Treaty of versaille
Reversal of the Treaty of
Versailles
Never excepted treaty
Determined to restore German Pride
Intended to retrieve the lands lost in 1919
Build up the armed forces
Unite Germans
• Hitler wanted to unite all German speaking
people
• This would create “Greater Germany” in
one homeland
• This meant the unification of Germany and
Austria (Anschless) which was forbidden
in the Treaty of Versailles
• Also unite the Sudetenland of
Czechoslovakia
Lebensraum
• Means “Living space”
• For it’s 85 million citizens it would need
more resources
• Would have to invade Poland and west
USSR
• Hitler hated the Poles because they were
Slavs
• Hitler hated USSR because they were
Communists
German Rearmament
1933
• Disarmament Conference – Hitler
challenged the other powers to disarm to
his level. They rejected.
• Hitler then felt justified in rearming
German Armed Forces
• In 1933 Germany announced they would
increase troops to 300,000
• Air force to contain 1000 planes and train
pilots.
• 1935 Increased army to 500,000
• Allies met to condemn German
Rearmament
• This was called the Stresa conference
Anglo-German Naval Treaty
• This allowed Germany to build a Navy 1/3
the size of Britain and have the same
number of Subs.
• This broke the Stresa agreement.
• Allies turned on each other.
2. Appeasement
• Allies did nothing when Hitler took over the
Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia.
• Did nothing when Hitler began rearming.
Including the air force and navy and increasing
troops from 300,000
• Did nothing when they allied and took over
Austria (anchluss)
• Hitler thought he could get away with anything
so moved into Poland which started the war.
Propaganda
• Hitler used film and control of all
information in the country to gain the faith
of his people. I.E. The People’s Radio
• He created the Hitler youth and taught
them to worship Hitler. This would ensure
future support.
• Women were taught how to raise the
perfect German child according to Hitler’s
vision.
Domestic Control
• Hitler controlled all information in the
Country.
• Used his SS and stormtroopers to kill and
bully any that opposed his views.
• Burned books that spoke against him
• Schools only taught his approved
curriculum.
Rwanda
Question 12 long answer 1
History
• First colonized by Germany in 1890.
• Germany forced to give it over to Belgium
in Treaty of Versailles in 1919.
• Natives made up of two ethnic groups,
Tutsi and Hutu who lived together for 600
years.
Hutu Tutsi
• Both groups spoke the same language,
shared the same religion, and traded
resources.
• Both followed the Belgian chosen leader
and thought he was godlike.
• Intermarriages were common between the
two.
Differences Hutu Tutsi
• Physically the Tutsi were lighter skinned,
thinner and taller than Hutus
• Hutus were shorter and stocky, darker
skinned.
• Tutsi were cattle herders, Hutu were
famers.
• 85% of people were Hutu, 15% Tutsi
• Large Hutu Majority.
Belgium Influence
• Belgium orders the citizens to carry
identity cards stating who was Tutsi and
Hutu.
• Belgium viewed the Tutsi as ethnically
superior because they had lighter skin,
were taller.
• Tutsi were richer since they had cattle.
• Gave privileged jobs and government
positions to Tutsi.
• This angered Hutus as they were the
majority
Conflict
• In 1959 Rwandan Tutsi king dies and
Belgium installs another Tutsi king.
• This angered Hutus and a violent
revolution resulted.
• Rwanda holds an referendum and vote for
independence from Belgium.
Hutu Power
• 1962 First Hutu, Gregoire Kayibanda,
elected to power.
• Throughout the 60’s and 70’s Hutus kill
and persecute Tutsi and remove them
from powerful jobs.
• 2 million Tutsi fled to Uganda, Congo,
Tanzania.
• In 1973 military coup installs Hutu General
Habyarimana
• He changes constitution that states Tutsi
can only fill 9% of government positions.
• Tutsis in Rwanda and all neighboring
countries from the Rwandese Patriotic
Front (RPF) to fight for Tutsi rights.
• 1990 RPF in all countries invade Rwanda.
• France and Zaire send troops to stop the
invasion and force a cease fire in 1991.
• Hutu Government declares Tutsis as
enemy of the state.
• United Nations intervenes to make sure
the cease fire is not broken.
• Mission is called United Nations
Assistance Mission for Rwanda
(UNAMIR).
UNAMIR
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•
•
2500 troops
370 from Canada
400 Belgium
800 Ghana
Canadian Lieutenant General Romeo
Dallaire is put in charge of the mission to
support Arusha Accords cease fire.
Ethnic Division
• President Habyarimana
takes this event to create
a Tutsi enemy threat.
• Gave him more support in
the country.
• Organized massacres of
Tutsi and opposition
groups.
• Formed a youth militia
called the Interahamwe
(those that attack
together).
• Interehamwe recruiters offered them food,
drugs, freedom to rape, cash.
• Encouraged them to take Tutsi
possessions.
•
Hutu Power Radio
• Habyarimana also started the radio station
RTLM also known as Hutu Power.
• Used to spread hatred and blame the Tutsi for
all problems.
• Called them Inyenzi or “cockroaches”
• Also spread hate against UNAMIR and Belgium.
• In Burundi, Tutsis murdered the Hutu president
making the Rwandans more frightened.
Hutu Power Radio
• Radio announces that Tutsi should
exterminate their neighbours and take
their land and possessions.
• False reports of the Tutsi attacking Hutu in
rural parts of country led by the RPF.
Civilian Civil Defense Force
• Habyarimana organizes another militia
(Civilian Civil Defense Force) of ordinary
citizens and gives them clubs and
machetes.
• It is now believed that France supplied
weapons and training for the Interahamwe
and the Civilian force.
Structure
• Habyarimana then kills all local leaders
that does not support him and replaces
them with his own Hutu leaders.
• Police chiefs, Mayors, government
employees all support killing the Tutsi.
• They wait for the signal from the Hutu
power radio station.
Dallaire’s Cables
• Dallaire captures shipments of weapons
from France (in violation of Arusha
Accords) destined for Hutu Government.
• Meets with Interahamwe informant “Jean
Pierre” who tells of weapons caches
throughout Rwanda.
• Dallaire sends cable (communication)
requesting permission to capture weapons
and is denied. Forced to tell Habyarimana
what he knows.
• Jean Pierre is never seen again
Start
• April 6th 1994 President Habyarimana is
killed when his plane is shot down.
• Colonel Bagosora takes charge and
orders the military, Interahamwe, Civilian
Civil Defense to begin extermination of the
Tutsi for self defense.
Strategies
• Organised to kill 1000 every 20 minutes
• Since Rwandans were forced to identify,
Hutus knew where they lived.
• Went house to house killing families.
• Local officials order militias to create
barriers on roads to prevent Tutsis from
leaving.
•
Strategies
• Force Tutsi to go to public buildings
(churches, schools, govt buildings) where
they are massacred in large scale.
• Women were raped in exchange for their
life.
Belgium Deaths
• Once the killings started, Romeo Dallaire
sent 10 Belgium peacekeepers to protect
the Prime Minister Agathe uwilingiyimana
• She is killed
• Troops are captured, tortured and killed by
the Tutsi.
•
Evacuations
• France, Belgium, U.S send 2000 in troops
and Military planes to evacuate its citizens
in Rwanda, and leave.
• Belgium removed its troops after the
deaths.
• Dallaire was left with 270 troops from
Canada and Ghana.
• UN ordered Dallaire to leave, he denied
the order.
End of Genocide
• The genocide came to an end after the
RPF invaded once again.
• Estimated 800,000 Tutsi and Hutu killed in
100 days.
• RPF capture Kigali and form an interim
government composed of Tutsi and Hutu.
International Humanitarian
Law
Geneva Conventions
Question 12
Geneva Conventions
• Made up of 4 treaties and 3 additional
protocols.
• Ratified by 194 countries
• Aim is to set of standard for treatment of
victims of war.
• Defines rights of those captured during the
war.
• Establishing protections for the wounded
• Addresses protections for the civilians in
and around a war zone.
• Henri Dunant wrote a book (Memoir of
Solferino) in which he proposed a
permanent relief agency for humanitarian
aid in times of war
• A government treaty recognizing the
neutrality of the agency and allowing it to
provide aid in war zones.
• This led to the Red Cross and the Geneva
Conventions.
• Dunant became the first recipient of the
Nobel Peace Prize.
Basic Rules
1. Attacks must be limited to combatants
and military targets
1.1 Civilians may not be attacked
1.2 Civilian objects (houses, hospitals,
schools, places of worship
1.3 Using civilians to shield military targets is
prohibited
1.4 prohibited for combatants to pose as
civilians
1.5 Starvation of civilians as a method of
combat is prohibited
1.6 illegal to attack objects that are
important to survival (farms, drinking water
1.7 illegal to attack dams, dykes, nuclear
power plants
Question 12
Indiscriminate weapons
2. Attacks or weapons which
indescriminately strike civilian and military
objects and persons, and which cause
excessive injury or suffering are illegal
2.1 chemical and bio weapons, blinding
laser weapons, weapons that injure the
body by fragments, poison, anti personnel
land mines.
Examples
• Cluster Bombs and Land mines since they
kill civillians and military targets.
• Cluster bomb are canisters tat hold
hundreds of little bombs or bomblets
• These litter the land with unexploded
bombs that put the lives of children and
civilians at risk.
•
Global Inequalities
Developed (First World, North)
• Wealthy countries – good standard of living
for citizens
• Industrialized
• Health Care
• Education available to all people
• Low child mortality rates (Canada – 4
deaths/1000 births)
• High life expectancy (Canada – age 79M,
81F)
• Examples: Canada, United States, Britain,
France, Germany, Australia etc…
Developing World (Third World,
South)
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•
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•
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Poorest countries – hunger, poverty, disease
Not industrialized
Health care is limited or non-existent
Limited education
High child mortality rates (Mozambique – 199
deaths/1000 births)
• Low life expectancy rates (Zambia – age 37)
• Examples: Ethiopia, Vietnam, Haiti, Most
African countries etc…
Facts
• Half the world – just over 3 billion
people, live on less than $2.00 a day.
• The wealth of the poorest 48 countries
in the world is less than the wealth of
the world’s three richest people.
• 30 million people die each year from
lack of food.
• Every 3.6 seconds someone in the
world dies of hunger; 75% are children.
• Worldwide 250 000 000 children are
forced to work.
• 40 000 children die a day from
malnutrition and disease.
• 125 million children are not in school –
most are girls.
• Over 1 million children a year will
become part of the “sex trade.”
Causes of Inequalities
• 1. Colonialism
• A policy of conquering and controlling other countries.
• Began in the 1500s when the nations of Europe
established colonies in Africa, Asia and South America.
• Colonies provided cheap labour and raw materials
(minerals, diamonds, tea, sugar, rubber, etc…) to be sold
around the world for huge profits.
• European countries soon became very rich at the
expense of the colonies.
• After 1945, most colonies became independent countries
– poor and underdeveloped.
2. Neo-colonialism: The Global
Economy
• Independent colonies were quickly
“invaded” and controlled by multi-national
corporations (MNCs) who set up factories
or sweatshops.
• Headquarters for these corporations are
located in the developed countries.
• MNCs pay factory workers very low wages
for products sold at high prices around the
world.
• Corporate taxes and environmental
restrictions are avoided
• End result:
1. Billions of $$$ for the MNCs
2. Developing countries remain poor and
dependant on foreign corporations
3. Debt
• 1970s - developing countries borrowed
money from the richer nations
• Agreed to pay the money back with
interest
• Due to poverty and high interest rates repayment was impossible
• For many countries, all extra money went
to pay the debt, not towards improving the
country.
4. Corruption
• Corrupt governments also keep
developing nations in poverty.
• Corrupt leaders promote their interests
over the welfare of the people.
• Example: Zaire, 1960s – President
Mobutu had 11 palaces, while his people
suffered in poverty.