Transcript The Course of the War - hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca

World at War
World War Two
Treaty of Versailles
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Alsace Lorraine returned to France
Belgium Poland and Czechoslovakia
were given parts of Germany.
all overseas colonies given to Allies
(Britain, France, Japan)
Free port city of Danzig
T.O.V. Military Gains
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German army reduced to 100,000
troops
Forbidden to have air force
Reduce navy to 6 ships, subs to be
handed over to Britain.
Admission of war guilt
T.O.V. Reparations

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Germany to pay damages to France
and Belgium in money or resources for
30 years.
France gets Saar coal mines for 15
years
Allied troops establish DMZ in the
Rhineland for 15 years.
League of Nations formed.
Nazi Party Aims
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Nationalism
All Germans in a
single Country
Destroy the Treaty
of Versailles
Rearmament
Socialism
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Workers to share in
profits
Big companies to be
taken over by state
Land shared for the
benefit of all
Nazi Party Aims
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Anti-Semitism
Hatred of Jews
Regarded as lowest
race
Blamed for all
problems
Remove Jews from
all important
positions in society
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Other Aims
Destroy
Communism
Strong central
government
Increase old age
pensions
Educate gifted
children at states
expense.
Enabling Act
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Since Hitler had two thirds majority he
passed this act that enabled him to pass
laws without the Reichstag.
Basically made him have all the power to
make laws. What he said went.
Appointed new state parliaments to pass his
laws. Then disbanded Parliament.
Got rid of all unions
Confiscated funds and property of all the
opposition parties sent leaders to
Concentration camps.
Meine Kampf

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Means “My Struggle”
Hitler Dictated this while in prison
Contains all of his ideas for Germany
Included his hatred of the Jewish Race
and the superior Aryans.
Maginot Line
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French built a line of defences
Germans went around the line of
defences and surrounded it
French surrendered.
Germany takes Paris. French allowed
to Control Southern France.
Petain becomes a puppet ruler to
Hitler, does everything Hitler wants.
Miracle at Dunkirk
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After French surrender, French and
British troops run to the Port of
Dunkirk, still in Allied control.
Britain hoped to be able to save
50,000 troops.
How did it work
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Royal Air Force shot down many
German bombers.
Hitler didn’t send in tanks so he could
save them to fight the French
Land was flooded around Dunkirk, not
good for tanks.
Goering said the bombers would do
the job.
Battle of Britain
Operation Sealion
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Hitler needed control of sea and air to
invade with troops.
Germany uses the Luftwaffe (air force
bombers) to destroy ships and air
bases.
Blitz
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Just when the British we about to lose
their last air field Germany attacked
London.
This was to try and get the British to
surrender.
Revenge for British bombing of
German cities.
Everything was targeted.
Blitz
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Targeting cities did allow the British to
rebuild the air Force.
Built 1836 planes in 4 months.
Germans were losing twice as many
planes.
British had radar technologies
German Planes could not fight long as
they would run out of fuel.
Operation Barbarossa
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Hitler Knew the only way Britain could
fight back was with help from the
Soviets or the U.S.
Hitler attacks the Soviets because he
disagreed with Communism.
Valuable resources
Living space for Germans
(Lebensraum)
Operation Barbarossa
Failed
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The geography of the U.S.S.R was not
suitable for Blitzkrieg (too big)
Hitler spread out his troops to attack
three areas at the same time.
Winter set in and troops froze to death
Allies provided aid through the artic
and Persia.
Why did Stalin Choose
the Nazis
Nazi Soviet Pack
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Hitler and Allies both wanted the
Soviets on their side.
Hitler did not want a war on two fronts
East (Soviets and West (Allies).
Stalin was weak after the war and
purges.
Stalin was terrified of being
overthrown. He killed or imprisoned
11 million people including army
officers.
Nazi Soviet Pack
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Hitler and Allies both wanted the
Soviets on their side.
Hitler did not want a war on two fronts
East (Soviets and West (Allies).
Stalin was weak after the war and
Purges.
Stalin was terrified of being
overthrown. He killed or imprisoned
11 million people including army
officers.
What was Blitzkrieg
Blitzkrieg
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German Attack Strategy
Based on planes and tanks
Bombers attacked airfields and
communication centres
Limited reinforcements and defences
Blitzkrieg
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Paratroopers dropped behind enemy
lines
Captured bridges and communication
towers
Blitzkrieg
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Bombers attacked enemy strong points
Tanks broke through weakened points
and outflanked front lines
Why was it effective?
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New tactic
Allies prepared for trench warfare and
spread themselves thin to cover the
borders.
Speed of tanks allowed Germans to
surround allies in the trench.
Allies were on the defensive prepared
for a long struggle.
Deliverance Day (D-Day)
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After 2 years of planning D-day is
launch.
Allies land on the beaches of
Normandy.
Landing spots are named Utah,
Omaha for the U.S, Juno for Canada,
Gold and Sword for British.
Operation code name Overlord
D-Day Continued
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Airborne troops protected the flanks
Navy bombarded the Nazi fortifications
Nazis did not suspect the landing at
Normandy allies sent a decoy invasion
at Calais
Hitler decided to not send
reinforcements to Normandy
Air force bombed Nazi comunication
towers.
D-Day Success
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At the end of the first day the allies
controlled 10 kms of beach.
Landed half a million vehicles and 4
million tons of supplies. (mostly U.S.)
August, 2 months later, Paris is
liberated
The Cold War:
Communism
Terms: Bourgeoisie,
Proletariat, Marx
Marx’s View on Capitalism
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Communism was a theory by Karl Marx
as a way to organize society fairly.
Marx saw that capitalism creates
classes in society.
Bourgeoisie are the owners
Proletariat are the workers
These two classes will continually be in
conflict.
Marx’s View on
Capitalism
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Bourgeoisie own all the capital
(factories, tools etc)
They also get all the profits.
They can reinvest the profits in the
company or remove it and pay
themselves.
Marx’s View on
Capitalism
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Proletariat – These are the workers
and get paid a wage.
They get no share in Company profits.
At the mercy of the Bourgeoisies.
The goal of the Bourgeoisie is to
reduce the costs of production and
pay as little as possible.
Term
“Dictatorship of the
Proletariat”
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A “dictatorship of the proletariat” will be
created to organize the country.
They will ensure that the gains of the
revolt is secured from the capitalist.
Most “Communist regimes” have only
achieved this.
Person
Vladimir Lenin
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Lenin was leader of the Communist
Bolshevik party.
Aided by Germany because he wanted
Russia to get out of the war.
Party increased from 26000 to 2
million
Created a military group called the red
Guards
November 1917
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Lenin and the Bolsheviks seize power
in a revolution.
Lenin gives all land to the peasants
Factories are given to the workers who
elect a committee to run them.
Lenin dies and Stalin takes over
Terms: Yalta Conference
Yalta Conference
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The three leaders met at Yalta, Soviet
Union.
Germany was to be defeated and
disarmed.
Split into four zones of occupation
given to the Allies.
Yalta Conference
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Eastern European countries were to
have free elections.
The USSR was to join the war against
Japan.
United Nations set up.
Germany was to pay reparations,
Stalin wanted a large fixed sum the
Allies would not agree with.
Term: Potsdam
Potsdam Conference
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Occupation zones decided.
Nazi party banned and were to be
tried as war criminals.
For reparations each power was to
collect industrial equipment from its
zone. USSR zone was mostly
agriculture.
Germans living in Poland, Hungary,
and Czechoslovakia were to return to
Germany.
Tensions after Potsdam
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Truman replaced Roosevelt after his
death.
Stalin invited non communist leaders
in Poland to the Soviet Union and
imprisoned them. Communists
replaced them in Government.
Truman did not tell Stalin about plans
to drop bomb on Japan.
Tensions after Potsdam
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Truman was suspicious since USSR
had the largest army in the world.
USSR was developing its own atomic
Bomb.
Truman believed Stalin was influencing
Eastern Europe to become
communists.
Term: Truman Doctrine
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U.S. President Harry Truman believed
that is was the responsibility of the
U.S. to prevent the spread of
Communism in the world.
Change in foreign policy from
isolationism which was practiced
throughout the two world wars.
UN Involvement
Term: Domino Theory
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Truman was afraid that if Korea fell to
Communism than so would Japan and
other Capitalists countries. (Domino
Theory).
16 countries supported the UN invasion of
Korea including Canada.
Truman chose General Macarthur to lead
the force.
Korean War
Term 38th Parallel

They meet at the
38th parallel
(latitude) and
divided the country
in two.
1st phase
Terms: Macarthur, Yalu river
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June – Sept.
North Korea pushes
the South all the
way back to a small
corner of the
country called
Pusan.
2nd phase
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Macarthur
organised a landing
at Inchon.
Effectively
surrounds N Korean
troops.
Despite China’s
warnings they cross
the 38th parallel.
3rd phase
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US ignore China
and push all the
way to the Yalu
River.
This borders with
China.
Macarthur ignored
Truman’s orders
and began to
approach the Yalu.
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China enters the
war.
Pushes the force
back past the 38th
parallel.
Un counter Attack
drives them back to
the 38th parallel.
Armistice signed in
1953.
Rhee and Macarthur
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Sigmund Rhee - U.S supported Leader
of South Korea, Capitalist.
General Macarthur – General made
famous after war in the pacific.
General in charge of the Korean War.
Cuban Missile
Crisis
Person Fulgencio Batista
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In 1950, Cuba was
ruled by a ruthless
dictator Fulgencio
Batista.
He killed all opponents
and used the military
to support his rule.
Batista Government
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Capitalist government.
Military supported by the U.S
He and members of his government
were very rich while the rest of
Cubans were poor.
Disliked Communists.
Batista Government
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The capital,
Havana, was
treated as a
playground for rich
Americans.
It was controlled by
American Italian
Mafia Leader Lucky
Luciano.
Lucky set up a
cocaine operation
and ran casinos.
Batista Government
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Was also used to hide money from illegal
activities in the U.S.
Many Americans set up factories in Cuba
to take advantage of local resources like
sugar cane and tobacco. Ex. Palmolive –
Colgate.
This resulted in many rich Americans and
very poor citizens of Cuba
Cuban Revolution
Person: Fidel Castro
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Fidel Castro was a lawyer and was
appalled at the corruption for the
Batista government.
Received support through educating
the poor on the corruption of the
government.
He joined forces with Che Guevara and
organised an army which overthrew
the Batista government.
Castro Regime
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Castro’s first business was to execute
all the corrupt government officials
that abused the poor.
Then he nationalised all the foreign
American assets.
Wealth was to be invested in Cuba.
With this money he set up free health
care.
Term: Bay of Pigs
Invasion
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Cuba has fell to Communism and
Castro is allied with the USSR because
of the trade embargo.
Kennedy could not have a communist
ally 50 miles off the coast of Florida.
Many people who did not agree with
Castro and Communism fled the
country and became exiles.
Bay of Pigs 1961
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Kennedy decided to get the CIA to
train the exiles and plan an invasion of
Cuba.
Exiles taking country back sounds a lot
better than a US invasion.
The invasion was a great failure and
Castro captured and jailed many of the
exiles.
Results of Bay of Pigs
1961
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Because of this Castro felt threatened
and allied closure with the USSR.
He needed them for protection.
Allowed Russia to install military
bases.
Russia began shipping weapons into
Cuba.
Khrushchev and Gulag
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Khrushchev Leader of the Soviet Union
during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Policy of “Destalinisation” throughout
Russia and told of the Gulag Prisons.
Gulag – Prisons and Labour camps
Stalin created to deal with anyone who
opposed him.
Détente, Hotline, MAD
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Détente – Time of peace or settling of
tension during a conflict.
Hotline – direct line of communication which
was set up after the Cuban Missile crisis
between the USSR and the USA.
MAD – Mutually Assured Destruction –
Theory which states that if one country
attacks with a Nuclear weapon then the
other would counter, this would continue
until both countries are destroyed.
Short Answer 1. Marshall
Plan
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Truman believed Communism grew in
countries in poverty.
Many governments were struggling to
rebuild after the war.
They realised that if they built up
Europe now, they could have a trading
partner for life and keep it from falling
to communism.
Created by General George Marshall
Marshall Plan
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The USA offered money, equipment
and goods to states willing to work
together to create recovery.
Included cash machinery, food and
technology.
In return, they would agree to buy
American goods and allow American to
invest capital in their in their
industries.
Results
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16 nations set up the Organisation for
European Economic Cooperation.
In 1953 US gave 17 billion
Increased tensions and divide between
East and West.
Stalin prevented Soviet countries from
engaging in the plan.
Results
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Stalin accused the USA of using the
plan for their own selfish interests
Plan to dominate Europe and help the
American Economy.
Short Answer Question:
2. Berlin Blockade 1948-49
Berlin Blockade
Political Divisions
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After Potsdam Berlin was divided
between West (allied controlled and
East USSR controlled.
West was capitalist democracy and
East was Socialist.
Berlin Blockade
Reconstruction Differences
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Allies wanted to rebuild Germany to be
a strong country.
Wouldn’t fall to Communism
Create a trading partner
Act as a shield against the spread of
communism in Europe
Berlin Blockade
Reconstruction Differences
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USSR wanted a weak Germany that
would be incapable of an attack.
USSR refused to let their zone trade
with the Western allied zone (West
Berlin)
Berlin Blockade
Conflict
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Since Berlin was in Soviet zone, they
controlled all access to city.
Believed the Allies had no business in
Berlin since it was in the Soviet zone.
U.S put up a military base.
Capitalist way of life was on show as
the U.S tried to make their zone
better.
Question 2 Berlin
Blockade
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In protest, Stalin decided to restrict
access to Berlin by the Allies.
Hoped to get the allies to pull out of
Berlin by starving the people.
Abandon plans to develop Germany
Eventually the people would turn to
him and switch to Communism and
create one city.
Berlin Blockade
Western Options
Ignore and drive through Blockade.
Advantages: 1)Show the Russians the
U.S could not be blackmailed.
2)They were the only ones with an A
bomb.
Disadvantages: 1)High risk of War
2)Russian forces outnumbered U.S
forces in Europe.

Berlin Blockade
Option 2: Pull Out of Berlin
Advantages:
1) Avoid any risk of War
Disadvantages:
1)Loss of prestige (positive reputation)
for the Western powers.
2) No one trust the Americans in the
future to stand against Communism.
Berlin Blockade
Option 3: Supply West Berlin
by Air
Advantages:
1)Less risk of War than option 1
Disadvantages:
1) Risky Operation 4000 tons of supplies
required daily.
2) Costly to supply by two million people
by air.
Short Answer 3. and Terms
Socialism v. Capitalism
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Usually 1 party
state
Industry and
agriculture owned
by the state.
People encouraged
to work for the
common good.
Classless society
with no profit
making
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Elections and more
than one political
party.
Most industry and
agriculture owned by
individuals.
They employ workers
and keep all profits
made.
Profits create classes
of people.
Question 4. Kennedy’s
Options
Option 1 Do Nothing
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He could do nothing and ignore
the missiles.
This would have been political
suicide and if the Russians had
seen this as weakness on his part,
they could have taken advantage
of it.
Lose public support and be seen
as a weak president.
Option 2 Invasion
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He could order a full scale military
invasion of Cuba.
This would escalate the problem
as there were 22000 Soviet
troops there.
Heavy casualties would look bad
on the presidency.
Did not know where all the sites
were or if any were operational
and would be fired before they
Option 3 - Air Strike
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He could order an air strike
against the missile bases only.
The problem again would be
Russian casualties.
Air Force was not sure it could
deliver pin-point bombing raids
on what were relatively small
targets.
Option 4 - Diplomacy
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He could call on the Russians to
remove the missiles explaining the
damage their presence was doing to
Russian/American relations.
However, the Russians were highly
unlikely to listen to a ‘polite’ request
especially as they even refused to
recognise the existence of the missiles
at the United Nations emergency
meeting on the matter.
Option 5 - Blockade
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He could put a naval blockade
around the island - quarantine it and not allow any more Russian
ships to enter Cuba.
This would still leave missiles on
Cuba but the negotiations would
continue in the background while
publically Kennedy would be seen
to be doing something specific.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Short Answer Question 5
Lenin to Stalin
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Lenin dies from
multiple strokes in
1924
Stalin opposed the
New Economic
Policy of Lenin as it
was not Socialism.
A new class of rich
landowners formed
called “Kulaks”
Collectivisation
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Stalin felt he needed to modernise and
industrialise.
In order for industrialisation to occur there
needs to be modernised farming
techniques.
Greater yield from less work would allow
farmers to leave land and go work in
factories.
Modernisation meant using tractors and
machines on large farms
Collectivisation
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Stalin took control of small farms
controlled by one family and merged
them into large plots of land that
supported many families.
The government then gave them
tractors and seeds.
Industrialisation
Stalin’s Aims
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Security – threatened from Western
Nations, needed to modernise the
Military
Prove Communism was right
Control – Stalin needed to control his
country so revolutions did not occur
Agriculture – Needed to be able
manufacture tractors and farm
equipment
Term: 5 Year Plans
First plan 1928-32
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Increase armaments (military) by
mining iron, coal and producing steel.
Take over all private business
1929 Stalin ordered it to be completed
in 4 years.
5 year Plan
nd
2 Plan 1933 - 37
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Concentrated on consumer goods and
housing projects.
Had to be abandoned because of
suspicion around Hitler
Went back to producing weapons.
5 Year Plan
rd
3 Plan
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Focused on luxury goods such as
bicycles, and radios that were in other
industrialised countries.
Also abandoned when Hitler invaded
Results of 5 Year Plan
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Output – Soviet Union made huge
advances to make it the world’s
second largest industrial Power
New industrial centres and towns were
built from scratch in the centre of the
Union, protected from invasion
See handout
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Power and transport projects were
completed including huge
hydroelectric dams
Urban Population increased by 29
million.
Stalin’s Dictatorship
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Stalin used
propaganda to
create a “cult of
Stalin”
He had statues and
places named after
him. (Stalingrad)
People had to clap
when his name was
mentioned in
meetings
Culture and Censorship
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Stalin reviewed every film and book
written to make sure it promoted the
country.
Stories had to celebrate the common
working people and the successes of
Communism
Anyone in violation would be sent to
Labour camps or “Gulags”
Education
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Children were taught that Stalin was
the “Great Leader”
Students were taught Stalin’s version
of History
Religion was banned and leaders
imprisoned
Stalin was the only one to be
worshipped.
Secret Police and Labour
Camps
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Stalin created and expanded his secret
police force to search out anyone in
opposition to his government.
Guilty people were sentenced to
death, exile or hard labour.
Labour camps called Gulags were set
up for prisoners.
Millions of people were sent to do
forced labour.
Purges
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Stalin was always fearful of losing
power.
Used terror in the form of Purges to
get rid of any opposition.
This also helped with labour in mines
Purges 1930-40
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Managers and workers that did not
meet the five year plans or talked bad
about them
Kulaks that opposed collectivisation
1934 Opposition party members
1935 senior communists that may
support Other leaders (Trotsky)
Purges
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Ordinary citizens – if someone
suspected a neighbour of not
supporting the government they could
be arrested.
Children were encouraged to tell on
their parents.
People tortured to confession
1 million people in Moscow killed
Purges and Results
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1937 the Red Army – Most senior officers
and officials were killed or sent to Gulags.
Left the army unprepared against Hitler’s
invasion.
Executed = 1 million
Died in Camps = 2 million
In prison = 1 million
Gulags = 8 million
These are figures form one year.
Results Continued
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Most of the advantages of
Communism was nullified after this.
Expert scientists, administrators and
Engineers were usually sent to
“Gulags” or killed.
People would tell on each other for
self interest.
Stalin even killed members of his own
family.
The Road to War
Hitler’s Aims
Causes of WW2 Essay Question 2
Cause 1. Treaty of
versaille Reversal of the
Treaty of Versailles

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Never excepted treaty
Determined to restore German Pride
Intended to retrieve the lands lost in
1919
Build up the armed forces
Unite Germans
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Hitler wanted to unite all German
speaking people
This would create “Greater Germany”
in one homeland
This meant the unification of Germany
and Austria (Anschless) which was
forbidden in the Treaty of Versailles
Also unite the Sudetenland of
Czechoslovakia
Lebensraum
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Means “Living space”
For it’s 85 million citizens it would
need more resources
Would have to invade Poland and west
USSR
Hitler hated the Poles because they
were Slavs
Hitler hated USSR because they were
Communists
German Rearmament
1933
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Disarmament Conference – Hitler
challenged the other powers to disarm
to his level. They rejected.
Hitler then felt justified in rearming
German Armed Forces

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In 1933 Germany announced they
would increase troops to 300,000
Air force to contain 1000 planes and
train pilots.
1935 Increased army to 500,000
Allies met to condemn German
Rearmament
This was called the Stresa conference
Anglo-German Naval
Treaty
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This allowed Germany to build a Navy
1/3 the size of Britain and have the
same number of Subs.
This broke the Stresa agreement.
Allies turned on each other.
2. Appeasement


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Allies did nothing when Hitler took over the
Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia.
Did nothing when Hitler began rearming.
Including the air force and navy and
increasing troops from 300,000
Did nothing when they allied and took over
Austria (anchluss)
Hitler thought he could get away with
anything so moved into Poland which
started the war.
Propaganda



Hitler used film and control of all
information in the country to gain the
faith of his people. I.E. The People’s
Radio
He created the Hitler youth and taught
them to worship Hitler. This would
ensure future support.
Women were taught how to raise the
perfect German child according to
Hitler’s vision.
Domestic Control




Hitler controlled all information in the
Country.
Used his SS and stormtroopers to kill
and bully any that opposed his views.
Burned books that spoke against him
Schools only taught his approved
curriculum.
Rwanda
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
Question 12 long answer 1
History
First colonized by Germany in 1890.
Germany forced to give it over to Belgium
in Treaty of Versailles in 1919.
Natives made up of two ethnic groups,
Tutsi and Hutu who lived together for 600
years.
Hutu Tutsi



Both groups spoke the same language,
shared the same religion, and traded
resources.
Both followed the Belgian chosen
leader and thought he was godlike.
Intermarriages were common between
the two.
Differences Hutu Tutsi


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Physically the Tutsi were lighter
skinned, thinner and taller than Hutus
Hutus were shorter and stocky, darker
skinned.
Tutsi were cattle herders, Hutu were
famers.
85% of people were Hutu, 15% Tutsi
Large Hutu Majority.
Belgium Influence



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Belgium orders the citizens to carry
identity cards stating who was Tutsi and
Hutu.
Belgium viewed the Tutsi as ethnically
superior because they had lighter skin,
were taller.
Tutsi were richer since they had cattle.
Gave privileged jobs and government
positions to Tutsi.
This angered Hutus as they were the
majority
Conflict



In 1959 Rwandan Tutsi king dies and
Belgium installs another Tutsi king.
This angered Hutus and a violent
revolution resulted.
Rwanda holds an referendum and vote
for independence from Belgium.
Hutu Power
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1962 First Hutu, Gregoire Kayibanda,
elected to power.
Throughout the 60’s and 70’s Hutus
kill and persecute Tutsi and remove
them from powerful jobs.
2 million Tutsi fled to Uganda, Congo,
Tanzania.



In 1973 military coup installs Hutu
General Habyarimana
He changes constitution that states
Tutsi can only fill 9% of government
positions.
Tutsis in Rwanda and all neighboring
countries from the Rwandese Patriotic
Front (RPF) to fight for Tutsi rights.



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
1990 RPF in all countries invade Rwanda.
France and Zaire send troops to stop the
invasion and force a cease fire in 1991.
Hutu Government declares Tutsis as
enemy of the state.
United Nations intervenes to make sure
the cease fire is not broken.
Mission is called United Nations Assistance
Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR).
UNAMIR



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
2500 troops
370 from Canada
400 Belgium
800 Ghana
Canadian Lieutenant General Romeo
Dallaire is put in charge of the mission
to support Arusha Accords cease fire.
Ethnic Division




President Habyarimana
takes this event to
create a Tutsi enemy
threat.
Gave him more support
in the country.
Organized massacres
of Tutsi and opposition
groups.
Formed a youth militia
called the Interahamwe
(those that attack
together).

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
Interehamwe recruiters offered them
food, drugs, freedom to rape, cash.
Encouraged them to take Tutsi
possessions.
Hutu Power Radio



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Habyarimana also started the radio station
RTLM also known as Hutu Power.
Used to spread hatred and blame the Tutsi
for all problems.
Called them Inyenzi or “cockroaches”
Also spread hate against UNAMIR and
Belgium.
In Burundi, Tutsis murdered the Hutu
president making the Rwandans more
frightened.
Hutu Power Radio
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
Radio announces that Tutsi should
exterminate their neighbours and take
their land and possessions.
False reports of the Tutsi attacking
Hutu in rural parts of country led by
the RPF.
Civilian Civil Defense
Force
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
Habyarimana organizes another militia
(Civilian Civil Defense Force) of
ordinary citizens and gives them clubs
and machetes.
It is now believed that France supplied
weapons and training for the
Interahamwe and the Civilian force.
Structure



Habyarimana then kills all local leaders
that does not support him and
replaces them with his own Hutu
leaders.
Police chiefs, Mayors, government
employees all support killing the Tutsi.
They wait for the signal from the Hutu
power radio station.
Dallaire’s Cables




Dallaire captures shipments of weapons
from France (in violation of Arusha
Accords) destined for Hutu Government.
Meets with Interahamwe informant “Jean
Pierre” who tells of weapons caches
throughout Rwanda.
Dallaire sends cable (communication)
requesting permission to capture weapons
and is denied. Forced to tell Habyarimana
what he knows.
Jean Pierre is never seen again
Start
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
April 6th 1994 President Habyarimana
is killed when his plane is shot down.
Colonel Bagosora takes charge and
orders the military, Interahamwe,
Civilian Civil Defense to begin
extermination of the Tutsi for self
defense.
Strategies
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Organised to kill 1000 every 20
minutes
Since Rwandans were forced to
identify, Hutus knew where they lived.
Went house to house killing families.
Local officials order militias to create
barriers on roads to prevent Tutsis
from leaving.
Strategies
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
Force Tutsi to go to public buildings
(churches, schools, govt buildings)
where they are massacred in large
scale.
Women were raped in exchange for
their life.
Belgium Deaths




Once the killings started, Romeo
Dallaire sent 10 Belgium peacekeepers
to protect the Prime Minister Agathe
uwilingiyimana
She is killed
Troops are captured, tortured and
killed by the Tutsi.
Evacuations

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
France, Belgium, U.S send 2000 in
troops and Military planes to evacuate
its citizens in Rwanda, and leave.
Belgium removed its troops after the
deaths.
Dallaire was left with 270 troops from
Canada and Ghana.
UN ordered Dallaire to leave, he
denied the order.
End of Genocide

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
The genocide came to an end after the
RPF invaded once again.
Estimated 800,000 Tutsi and Hutu
killed in 100 days.
RPF capture Kigali and form an interim
government composed of Tutsi and
Hutu.
International
Humanitarian Law
Geneva Conventions
Geneva Conventions



Made up of 4 treaties and 3 additional
protocols.
Ratified by 194 countries
Aim is to set of standard for treatment
of victims of war.

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
Defines rights of those captured
during the war.
Establishing protections for the
wounded
Addresses protections for the civilians
in and around a war zone.


Henri Dunant wrote a book (Memoir of
Solferino) in which he proposed a
permanent relief agency for
humanitarian aid in times of war
A government treaty recognizing the
neutrality of the agency and allowing it
to provide aid in war zones.


This led to the Red Cross and the
Geneva Conventions.
Dunant became the first recipient of
the Nobel Peace Prize.
Basic Rules
Attacks must be limited to
combatants and military targets
1.1 Civilians may not be attacked
1.2 Civilian objects (houses, hospitals,
schools, places of worship
1.3 Using civilians to shield military
targets is prohibited
1.
1.4 prohibited for combatants to pose as
civilians
1.5 Starvation of civilians as a method of
combat is prohibited
1.6 illegal to attack objects that are
important to survival (farms, drinking
water
1.7 illegal to attack dams, dykes, nuclear
power plants
Indiscriminate weapons
2. Attacks or weapons which indiscriminately
strike civilian and military objects and
persons, and which cause excessive injury
or suffering are illegal
2.1 chemical and bio weapons, blinding laser
weapons, weapons that injure the body by
fragments, poison, anti personnel land
mines.
Examples

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
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Cluster Bombs and Land mines since
they kill civillians and military targets.
Cluster bomb are canisters tat hold
hundreds of little bombs or bomblets
These litter the land with unexploded
bombs that put the lives of children
and civilians at risk.
Global Inequalities
Developed (First World,
North)

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Wealthy countries – good standard of
living for citizens
Industrialized
Health Care
Education available to all people
Low child mortality rates
(Canada –
4 deaths/1000 births)
High life expectancy (Canada – age
79M, 81F)
Examples: Canada, United States,
Britain, France, Germany, Australia
etc…
Developing World (Third
World, South)

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Poorest countries – hunger, poverty,
disease
Not industrialized
Health care is limited or non-existent
Limited education
High child mortality rates
(Mozambique – 199 deaths/1000
births)
Low life expectancy rates (Zambia –
age 37)
Facts



Half the world – just over 3 billion
people, live on less than $2.00 a
day.
The wealth of the poorest 48
countries in the world is less than
the wealth of the world’s three
richest people.
30 million people die each year
from lack of food.



Every 3.6 seconds someone in the
world dies of hunger; 75% are
children.
Worldwide 250 000 000 children
are forced to work.
40 000 children die a day from
malnutrition and disease.


125 million children are not in
school – most are girls.
Over 1 million children a year will
become part of the “sex trade.”
Causes of Inequalities






1. Colonialism
A policy of conquering and controlling other
countries.
Began in the 1500s when the nations of Europe
established colonies in Africa, Asia and South
America.
Colonies provided cheap labour and raw materials
(minerals, diamonds, tea, sugar, rubber, etc…) to be
sold around the world for huge profits.
European countries soon became very rich at the
expense of the colonies.
After 1945, most colonies became independent
countries – poor and underdeveloped.
2. Neo-colonialism: The
Global Economy



Independent colonies were quickly
“invaded” and controlled by multinational corporations (MNCs) who set
up factories or sweatshops.
Headquarters for these corporations
are located in the developed countries.
MNCs pay factory workers very low
wages for products sold at high prices
around the world.


Corporate taxes and environmental
restrictions are avoided
End result:
1. Billions of $$$ for the MNCs
2. Developing countries remain poor
and
dependant on foreign
corporations
3. Debt




1970s - developing countries borrowed
money from the richer nations
Agreed to pay the money back with
interest
Due to poverty and high interest rates
- repayment was impossible
For many countries, all extra money
went to pay the debt, not towards
improving the country.
4. Corruption



Corrupt governments also keep
developing nations in poverty.
Corrupt leaders promote their interests
over the welfare of the people.
Example: Zaire, 1960s – President
Mobutu had 11 palaces, while his
people suffered in poverty.