Transcript Unit8 - Duluth High School

World War II
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Unit 8
Women
ENTERTAINMENT
MINORITIES
OPA
Causes of WWII
• Nationalism
• Imperialism
• Anger & resentment over the
Treaty of Versailles
*Germany blamed for WWI
*Germany & Russia (now USSR) lost
territories following WWI
• Unstable democratic systems
established following WWI
• Many Europeans (and Japanese)
put their faith in fascist military
dictators…
• Fascism- stresses nationalism and
places the interests of the state
above that of the individual
Tensions Build…
• Adolf Hitler offers econ. stability & employment to Germans
and becomes chancellor in 1933. He assembles a military and
slowly begins grabbing land (Europe & Africa) to build an
empire…
• Benito Mussolini rises to power in 1922 & attempts to restore
the “Roman Empire” in Italy. He too, began grabbing territory
in Africa (Ethiopia)…
• Francisco Franco leads the rebel Nationalist army to victory in
Spain and gains complete control in 1939…
• Joseph Stalin grabs control of USSR in 1924 and shuts down
ALL opposition in building his communist empire…
• Hideki Tojo, a nationalistic military leader in Japan, becomes
P.M. in 1941 and invades Chinese province of Manchuria (rich in
resources) to begin building his own empire…
• League of Nations condemns Japan (but does little more) , so
Japan simply quits the league. The failure of the League to take
any real action causes other fascist leaders to suggest that
their own nations drop out as well…
Neutrality in the U.S.
• Many Americans felt the U.S. had
been dragged into WWI by “greedy
bankers & arms dealers.”
• 70% of Americans believed that the
U.S. should not have entered WWI
and most had NO intentions of
getting involved in “another war in
Europe.”
• 1935 Congress passed the
Neutrality Acts in an effort to avoid
involvement in future wars.
• Roosevelt found it hard to remain
neutral when Japan invaded China
(as well as Civil War in Spain) and
realized that U.S. involvement was
inevitable…
in europe…
• Hitler successfully unifies Germany
& Austria (mostly German) in 1938
with little opposition…
• Hitler takes (predominantly German)
northern borders of
Czechoslovakia ( the Sudetenland),
again, with little opposition…
• Hitler then sets his sights on
Poland (aided by Britain & France) &
signs a nonaggression pact w/
Stalin. They agree to divide
Poland, but Hitler has other plans.
He invades Poland and sparks war
w/ Russia, Britain & France.
WWII had begun…
Hitler Builds an Empire
• After conquering Poland, Hitler
invaded & conquered Denmark
& Norway…
• Next he conquered the
Netherlands, Belgium &
Luxembourg…
• He then moved south and set
his sights on France, which fell
to his Nazi forces in Summer
1940.
• Sept. 1940, Germany signs
Tripartite Pact with Japan &
Italy (Axis powers) and agrees
that if the U.S. attacks any Axis
nation, the others would
intervene…
Racial Persecution
• Shortly after taking power in Germany in
1933, Hitler ordered all “non-Aryans” to
be removed from gov’t jobs.
• This was the 1st move towards “racial
purity,” which would lead to the eventual
extermination of 11 million Jews known as
the Holocaust…
• Many Germans blamed the Jews for
Germany’s defeat/failure in WWI.
• The 1935 Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews
of their civil rights & property
• As Germany conquered new territories, all
Jews were rounded up and shipped to
concentration camps where they were
overworked, tortured and brutally
murdered.
• Thousands of Jews attempted to flee to
other nations (including the U.S.), but most
were turned away…
Japanese Attack @ Pearl Harbor
Summer 1941, Japan pushed south & took
French military bases in Indochina. U.S.
cuts all trade relations w/ Japan (inc. oil).
W/o oil, Japan was all but defeated. Tojo
began plans to seize oil in
E. Indies.
Nov.-Dec. ‘41, Japan & U.S. engage in peace
talks, while Tojo orders Japanese Navy to
prepare for attack. U.S. decodes Japanese
message to “reject all U.S. proposals.”
Dec. 7, 1941, 180 Japanese war planes
descend on U.S. Naval base Pearl Harbor in
Hawaii. Between 7:30 & 9:30 a.m., Japan
killed 2,403 & wounded 1,178 Americans,
sunk/damaged 21 ships, destroyed over
300 aircraft.
FDR addressed Congress about the attack as
“a day that will live in infamy.” Congress
approved FDR’s declaration of war…
Japanese Internment
Following the attack @ Pearl Harbor,
racial prejudice towards the nation’s
120,000 Japanese-Americans
increased considerably…
Many panic-stricken Americans feared
the Japanese would soon attack the
U.S.
1942, FDR signed order 9066, requiring
all 110,000 citizens of Japanese
ancestry on the west coast to be
rounded up and placed in 10 hastily
constructed internment camps (prison
camps).
Thousands of Japanese-Americans were
forced to sell homes & businesses as
they were seen as a threat to national
security.
During the duration of the war, no
evidence or charges were ever
brought against these citizens…
Preparing for War
Following attack @ Pearl Harbor, 5 million
American men volunteered for military
enlistment. Draft brought in an
additional 10 million.
Women also volunteered for non-combat
positions through the Women’s Auxiliary
Army Corps (WACC) as nurses, drivers,
radio operators…
1 million African-Americans, 300,000
Mexican-Americans, 33,000 JapaneseAmericans, 13,000 Chinese-Americans,
& 25,000 Native Americans also
volunteered…
Factories across the nation quickly
converted to war production. Shipyards
& defense plants expanded nationwide
as 18 million Americans went to work,
ultimately ending the Depression.
African-Americans Contribute
To protest wartime
discrimination, labor
organizer, A. Philip Randolph
proposed a massive march
on D.C. for July 1, 1941,
under the banner, “We Loyal
Colored Americans Demand
the Right to Work and Fight
for Our Country.”
Fearing the 100,000 strong
march, FDR called Randolph
to the White House & asked
him to back down. Randolph
agreed provided FDR issue
an exec. order calling on
employers & labor unions
“provide for the full and
equitable participation of all
workers in defense industries
w/o discrimination…”
Mobilization of Science
In 1941, FDR also created the Office of
Scientific Research (OSRD) to bring
scientists into the war effort. This
initiated broad improvements in war
tech. such as radar/sonar, pesticides,
& penicillin.
Perhaps most significant was the dev. of
a new weapon under the direction of
German scientist Albert Einstein.
Einstein’s theory built on the concept
of splitting uranium atoms to release
enormous amounts of energy.
FDR secretly created the Advisory
Committee on Uranium. Much of the
group’s research was conducted @
Columbia University in Manhattan.
Dubbed the “Manhattan Project,” the
group would developed the first atomic
bomb, which would eventually end the
war…
U.S. Retaliation
April 1942 - In direct response to the
attack @ Pearl Harbor, Col. James
Doolittle led 16 B-25 bombers
launched from the aircraft carrier
Hornet into Japan.
The bombers swept Tokyo and 4
other Japanese cities, blasting
factories, steel mills, oil tanks &
other military targets.
The next day, newspaper headlines
read, “Tokyo Bombed! Doolitte
Do’od It!” and lifted Americans’
sunken spirits. War in the Pacific
theater was underway…
Island Hopping In the Pacific
June ’42, Admiral Chester Nimitz learned
that Japan was dispatching 110 ships
to the island of Midway. From there
their plan was to continue to Hawaii
and finish off American Naval power
started @ Pearl Harbor…
Nimitz prepared a surprise reception w/
orders to “inflict maximum damage to
the enemy.” By the end of the Battle
of Midway, the Japanese lost 4 aircraft
carriers, a cruiser, & 322 planes.
The U.S. stopped Japan’s eastward
advance and began hopping from
island to island, pushing them back to
their home islands…
Preparing for Invasion
As the Allies battled for Italy in 1943,
they had begun work on a plan to
invade France & free Western
Europe from the Nazis.
The task of commanding “Operation
Overlord,” as it was called, was
placed in the hands of Gen. Dwight
D. Eisenhower.
Under “Ike’s” direction in England, the
Allies gathered 3 million British,
American, & Canadian troops, and
planned to attack the beaches of
Normandy in N. France.
The invasion was originally set for June
5, but bad weather pushed the
operation back to June 6, 1944…
D - DAY
June 6, 1944, shortly after midnight, three
divisions parachuted down behind
German lines in France.
At daybreak, thousands upon thousands of
of seaborne soldiers (the largest landsea-air operation in army history)
stormed the beaches of Normandy…
German retaliation war fierce, especially at
“Omaha Beach.”
Despite heavy casualties, the Allies held the
beachheads and after 7 days of heavy
combat, the Allies held an 80-mile stretch
of France.
Within a month, Allies landed 1 million
troops, 567,000 tons of supplies, and
170,000 vehicles…
The Allies pushed toward Paris and by Sept.,
had managed to free France from Nazi
occupation. Hitler’s days are numbered…
Battle of the Bulge
Sept. ’44, the Allies had freed France,
Belgium & Luxembourg from Nazi
occupation. In Oct., they crossed the
western border of Germany and
captured the town of Aachen…
In Dec., Hitler responded with a
desperate offensive and ordered his
troops to break through the Allied
front to recapture Antwerp in hopes of
disrupting Allied supply lines…
German tanks drove 60 miles into Allied
territory and made a “bulge” in the
lines. Although 75,000 Americans
were killed in the month-long battle,
Hitler lost 120,000 troops, 600 tanks,
& 1,600 planes. The Nazis retreated…
The Yalta Conference
Feb. ’45, as the Allies pushed
toward victory, an ailing FDR
met w/ Churchill & Stalin @ the
Soviet resort city of Yalta to
toast to the near-defeat of
Germany…
For 8 days, they discussed the
fate of Germany & the postwar world. Stalin favored harsh
punishment for Germany &
wanted to keep the nation
divided into zones controlled by
military forces, so that they
may never threaten the USSR
again.
FDR conceded to these wishes in
hopes the Soviets would aid in
the defeat of Japan as well as
support the new U.N.
V-E Day!
April ‘45, the Soviet army stormed
into the German capital of Berlin
from the east.
Hitler prepared for the end…
On April 29, he married his
companion Eva Braun and wrote
his last address to the German
people. He blamed the Jews for
starting the war and his generals
for losing it. He poisoned his new
bride and shot himself. Per his
orders, the bodies were burned.
May ‘45, Gen. Eisenhower accepted
the unconditional surrender of the
Third Reich. The war in Europe
was over!
in The pacific…
Oct. ’44, Gen. Douglas MacArthur &
178,000 Allied troops returned to
the Philippines and liberated
American POWs…
The Allies then turned to the island
of Iwo Jima, which was critical to
the U.S. as a base to launch
offensives on the islands of Japan.
20,500 Japanese troops and 6,000
U.S. Marines died in the battle…
April-June ‘45, U.S. Marines
invaded Okinawa. Japan
unleashed 1,900 Kamikaze
attacks. 7,600 Americans and
110,000 Japanese troops died…
A Secret Weapon
The Battle for Okinawa was just a
hint of what would be in store for
Allied troops if they attempted to
invade Japan by land. Churchill
predicted a loss of up to 1.5
million Allied troops…
New U.S. Pres. Harry Truman saw
only one way to avoid a ground
invasion of Japan. He decided to
use the newly dev. atomic bomb…
The first test of the weapon took
place on July 16, 1945 in
Alamogordo, NM. Its blinding
flash could be seen 180 miles
away…
V-J day…
July 25, 1945, Truman ordered the
military to make final plans for
dropping 2 atomic bombs on
Japanese targets…
Aug. 6, a B-29 bomber named Enola
Gay released an atomic bomb,
code-named Little Boy, over
Hiroshima. The city ceased to
exist…
3 days later a 2nd bomb, code-named
Fat Man, was dropped on
Nagasaki, leveling ½ the city…
An est. 200,000 died as a result of
the bombs. On Sept. 2, 1945, Emp.
Hirohito signed a formal surrender.
WWII was officially over.
reBuilding Begins…
The discovery of Hitler’s death
camps led the Allies to put
24 surviving Nazi leaders
on trial for crimes against
humanity, peace, & war
crimes. The trials were held
in the German town of
Nuremberg…
12 of the 24 were sentenced
to death, while the rest
were sent to prison. Later
trials of over 200 lesser
Nazi leaders imprisoned
many, while others went
free…
reBuilding Begins…
Japan was occupied by U.S. forces
under the command of Gen.
Douglas MacArthur.
1,100 Japanese were put on trial.
7, inc. P.M Tojo, were sentenced to
death.
During the 7 year occupation,
MacArthur reshaped Japan’s
economy by introducing freemarket practices, which led to
econ. recovery. He also
transformed the Japanese gov’t w/
a new constitution (still called the
MacArthur constitution) that
ushered in democracy for Japan.
Cold War Genesis
Following the war @ Potsdam
Conference, US/USSR dislikes and
distrust reemerged.
At Yalta, Stalin promised FDR that he
would allow free elections in the E.
Euro nations that USSR occupied.
Instead, Stalin crushed all
democratic movements in the
region following the war and made
them communist satellite nations.
Old “red scare” sentiments surfaced
in U.S. and many began to predict
WWIII w/ communists.
Per Stalin’s wishes @ Yalta, Germany
was partitioned into 4 occupation
zones & Berlin was split…
The Berlin Airlift
Eventually E. and W. Germany
emerged...
The capital of Berlin was literally
divided with a wall and W. Berlin
was an island of democracy
surrounded by a sea of
communism in E. Germany…
This set the stage for the first
“battle” of the Cold War, the
siege of W. Berlin…
In 1948 the Soviets blockaded
access to W. Berlin, forcing Allies
to airlift supplies into the
isolated half of the city (a.k.a.
the Berlin Airlift).
Truman Doctrine/Marshall
plan
In response to the Berlin crisis,
Truman issued his “Truman
Doctrine,” which pledged the U.S.
would help fight communism, or
“contain” it, anywhere on the
globe.
In 1947 the Sec. of State George
Marshall initiated a joint economic
plan called the “Marshall Plan,” in
which the US spent billions to
stimulate the W. Euro. economies
and make friends/allies. This
ensured democracies and
capitalism would not fall to
communism.
10 western nations formed NATO
(North Atlantic Treaty Org) in
response to the E. Euro/USSR
Warsaw Pact alliance…
china falls…
For 2 decades, Chinese
Communists struggled against
the nationalist gov’t of Chiang
Kai-shek (U.S. ally supported by
$3 mil. in aid).
Communist leader Mao Zedong
gained increased influence in the
desperately poor nation.
Following the defeat of Japan, civil
war broke out in China between
the Communists & the corrupt
Nationalist leadership.
In ’49, the Nationalist movement
collapsed and fled to Taiwan.
China was now a Communist
nation.
Korean Conflict
The Chinese Communist revolution
was a success as the Nationalist
Chinese were defeated and “Red
China” was formed.
Following this, the Korean
peninsula erupted into revolution
and the Truman Doctrine was
tested in Asia.
US/UN forces led by Gen.
MacArthur fought for 3 years
against communist influence in
the North…
the Korean Conflict “ended” with a
cease fire that divided the
peninsula @ the 38th parallel
DMZ = Communist N. Korea &
Democratic S. Korea…
Cold War @ Home
1950, Sen. Joseph McCarthy(R. of Wis.)
was convinced there were thousands
of “Reds” who had “infiltrated” the
Fed. Gov’t and the Armed Forces/State
Dept.
Fanning the flames of the new “Red
Scare,” McCarthy’s House of UnAmerican Activities Committee (HUAC)
accused many without proof…
The infamous 1949 “Rosenberg Trial”
ended with the only peacetime
executions of husband & wife for
espionage / sharing H-bomb secrets
w/ USSR…
Writers, actors, & atheletes accused….
Later he attacked the US Army and a
series of televised hearings took place,
McCarthy was ruined & died of
alcoholism.
Baby Boom
By 1946, some 10 million had been
released from military service…
The G.I. Bill was issued by the Fed.
Gov’t to provide ed. &
unemployment benefits…
These returning soldiers quickly
settled into family life and
contributed to a massive pop.
explosion known as the “Baby
Boom.”
A severe housing shortage led dev.
like Kaiser & Levitt to produce
mass produced homes in
“suburbs” like the “Levitttown”
community in N.Y.
Impact of Television
The new suburban lifestyle enabled
people to provide their families
with the “good things” in life.
With more women working, many
households had more income and
more leisure time…
Television helped fill this time and
gained rapid popularity as 45
million homes had the device by
1960. This period of rapid
expansion is known as “the Golden
Age” of T.V.
Comedies like I Love Lucy were
immediate hits and advertising was
quick to harness this popularity to
sell even more consumer goods.
Cuban Revolution
1956-’59, Fidel Castro led a guerilla
movement to topple Cuban gov’t…
At first, the U.S. recognized the new
gov’t, but deteriorated quickly…
Castro’s regime ceased U.S. & British
oil refineries and broke U.S.
controlled commercial sugar farms
into communes.
Castro also relied increasingly on
Soviet aid & political repression of
any who did not agree w/ him…
About 10% of Cuban pop. went into
exile in Miami, where a
counterrevolution gained
strength…
Cold War Space Race
In competition for international
prestige, the Soviets leaped to
an early lead in the “space race.”
Oct. 4, ’57, USSR launched the
“Sputnik” satellite, which was a
triumph of Soviet tech.
Americans were shocked and
fearful at being beaten by the
Soviets and quickly poured $$$
into a U.S. space program…
The 1st attempt to launch a U.S.
satellite was a humiliating
failure, but on Jan. 31, ’58, the
U.S. finally succeeded. On to the
moon…
Cuban Confrontation
The U.S. was not happy that Cuba
fell to Castro’s communist regime
just 90 miles off the FL coast…
A poorly planned attempt to remove
Castro in ‘61 became a fiasco
known as the Bay of Pigs
invasion, Kennedy took blame….
Oct. ‘62 U-2 planes spotted USSR
missile silos in Cuba, US could
bomb, invade, or…..
A “quarantine” of Cuba by US ships
led to a showdown. Both sides
consider confrontation, but
eventually back down. Khruschev
ordered nukes removed.
We never came closer to nuclear
annihilation during the entire Cold
War.
VieTnam “conflicT”
America’s involvement in
Vietnam began in 1950, during
the French Indochina War, the
name given to France’s
attempt to reestablish its rule
in Vietnam after WWII.
In an effort to combat the spread
of communism, the U.S.
provided France with $$$ and
military support…
The Indochinese Communist
Party was founded in 1930 by
Ho Chi Minh…
Minh vowed to fight from the
North to liberate the South
from French control…
Vietnam War
Despite massive U.S. aid, the French
could not retake Vietnam…
In ’54, the Geneva Accords temp.
divided Vietnam @ the 17th
parallel. The Communists
controlled the North, the U.S.
backed Nationalists who controlled
the South…
The U.S. promised aid & military
training to Nationalist (Catholic)
president Ngo Dinh Diem but the
corrupt Nat’l gov’t suppressed all
peasant & Buddhist opposition
and quickly lost support…
Vietnam War
In an attempt to contain Comm.
“Vietcong” influence and win
crucial peasant support in the
south, the U.S. backed the
assassination/coup of Diem and
took total control of the S.
Vietnam gov’t…
By ‘63, 16,000 U.S. military
“personnel” were in S. Vietnam.
In 1964 Johnson escalated
Vietnam into a full scale war.
By ’68, 500,000 men, cost
$30billion/year spent in
“guerilla warfare”
Jan. ‘68, Tet Offensive shocked US
but US forces prevailed….
After Tet, war seemed unwinnable
to people here at home…