Transcript World War II

The Versailles Treaty
A Weak League of Nations
The Ineffectiveness of the
League of Nations
No progress in disarmament.
 No effective military force.
No control of major conflicts.
The “Stab-In-The-Back” Theory
German soldiers are dissatisfied.
Decadence of the Weimar Republic
France – False Sense of Security?
The Maginot
Line
International Agreements
Locarno Pact – 1925
 France, Germany, Great Britain,
Italy



Guarantee existing frontiers
Establish DMZ 30 miles deep on East
bank of Rhine River
Refrain from aggression against each
other
Kellog-Briand Pact – 1928
 Makes war illegal as a tool of
diplomacy

No enforcement provisions
The Great Depression
The Manchurian Crisis, 1931
Japan invades Manchuria
The League of Nations condemned Japan’s
invasion of Manchuria in 1931.
Japan withdrew from the League.
A few years later Japanese armies invade
China, starting the Second Sino-Japanese
War.
Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931
Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935
Emperor
Haile
Selassie
Italy invades Ethiopia
• Mussolini invaded Ethiopia in 1935.
• League of Nations voted sanctions against
Italy
– League had no power to enforce its
punishment of Mussolini.
Germany Invades the
Rhineland
March 7, 1936
The Culprits
• Germany: Hitler and • Japan invades
the Nazis
Manchuria in 1931
and China in 1937
• Italy: Mussolini and
the Fascists
• Italy invades
Ethiopia in 1935
• Japan: Tojo and the
Militarists
• Germany annexes
Austria and the
• Spain: Franco and
Sudetenland, then
the Fascists, Civil
takes
War 1936
Czechoslovakia and
Poland 1937-1939
Causes
• Worldwide Economic Depression
• Nationalism and Territorial Expansion
• Treaty of Versailles causes anger and
resentment
• Lack of Democratic Tradition leads to rise of
dictatorships and militaristic states
• German, Italian, and Japanese invasions
• Failure of the League of Nations to be an
effective organization
• Policy of appeasement in Europe
U. S. Neutrality Acts:
1934, 1935, 1937, 1939
U.S. Reaction
• Citizens want to stay out of the fighting
• Strong Anti-war feeling
• Neutrality Acts: NO arms sales, NO loans to
nations at war, NO arms or loans to nations in
Civil Wars
Other FDR Policies
• Officially recognized Soviet Union 1933
• Non Intervention and no armed forces in
Latin America since 1920 “Good Neighbor
Policy”
• Reduction of Tariffs
Invasion of Rhineland
• Invasion of Rhineland went against Treaty of Versailles.
• Western Democracies denounced Hitler but adopted
policy of appeasement.
• Appeasement developed for several reasons:
– Pacifism
– Avoid involvement in a war
– Avoid war
Germany, Italy, and Japan entered an alliance, known as
the Axis powers.
Neutrality?
• FDR helped China
• “…it is peace in our
because Japan did not
time.”
officially declare war
• Germany and USSR
• FDR preaches against
non Aggression Pact.
isolationism
Later Germany will
• Chamberlain and British
attack USSR
Appeasement: Munich
Agreement: Let Hitler
take the Sudetenland,
Hitler would stop all
other aggression.
America-First Committee
Charles Lindbergh
The Austrian Anschluss, 1936
The Spanish Civil War:
1936 - 1939
The
National
Front
The
Popular
Front
[Nationalists]
[Republicans]
 Carlists [ultra-Catholic
monarchists].
 Catholic Church.
 Falange [fascist] Party.
 Monarchists.
 Anarcho-Syndicalists.
 Basques.
 Catalans.
 Communists.
 Marxists.
 Republicans.
 Socialists.
The Spanish Civil War:
1936 - 1939
The Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939
The American “Lincoln Brigade”
The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939
Francisco Franco
The Spanish Civil War:
A Dress Rehearsal for WW II?
Italian troops in
Madrid
Liberals vs. Conservatives in Spain
• Liberal government passed reforms that upset
conservatives.
• General Francisco Franco who opposed the new
government, started civil war.
• Hitler supported Franco, and their fellow fascists.
• Soviet Union sent troops to support anti-fascists, or
Loyalists.
• The governments of Britain, France, and United States
remained neutral.
• By 1939, Franco had triumphed.
“Guernica”
by Pablo Picasso
The Japanese Invasion
of China, 1937
The “Problem” of the
Sudetenland
German aggression continues
• In 1938, Hitler forced the Anschluss, or
union with Austria (this was denied under
the Treaty of Versailles.)
• Hitler sets his sight on Sudentenland. This
was a part of Czechoslovakia where 3
million Germans lived.
Appeasement: The Munich
Agreement, 1938
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr
Hitler is a man we can do business with.
Munich Conference
• At the Munich Conference, which was
held to discuss the situation, British and
French leaders chose appeasement and
allowed Hitler to annex the territory.
Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of
the Third Reich: 1939
• In March of 1939, Hitler took over the rest
of Czechoslovakia.
Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939
The “Pact of Steel”
The Nazi-Soviet
Non-Aggression Pact, 1939
Foreign Ministers
von Ribbentrop & Molotov
Deal with the Devil
• Hitler and Stalin signed the Nazi-Soviet
Pact.
• They agreed not to fight if the other went
to war.
• This paved the way for Hitler’s invasion of
Poland in September of 1939, which set off
World War II.
Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939
Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”]
German Troops March into Warsaw
European Theater of Operations
Blitzkrieg
• September 1939, Nazi forces launched a
blitzkrieg against Poland.
• First the Luftwaffe, German air force,
bombed.
• Then tanks and troops moved in.
• At the same time Stalin invaded from the
east, grabbing land.
• Within a month, Poland ceased to exist.
IT’S WAR
• France and Great
• France falls, north is
Britain declare war
occupied by Nazis,
on Germany after it
South is run by
attacks and takes
puppet Vichy
over Poland
Government,
Compiegne
• Germany takes
Denmark, Norway, • Britain will not fall
Netherlands,
despite bombing
Belgium,
raids, island, radar,
Luxembourg,
can break German
code
• USSR takes Baltic
States and Finland
The “Phoney War” Ends:
Spring, 1940
Dunkirk Evacuated
June 4, 1940
Hitler expands
• In 1940, Hitler took Norway, Denmark, the
Netherlands, and Belgium.
• German forces bypassed France’s Maginot Line.
• British forces that had been sent to help the
French were trapped.
• In a desperate scheme, the British rescued their
troops from Dunkirk.
• French were forced to surrender.
• Germany occupied northern France and set up a
puppet state, the Vichy government, in the south.
Europe
• Hitler destroying
• Stalingrad: Germans
Allied supply ships in occupy, winter,
the Atlantic
USSR counterattack,
• US responds with
Soviets win, turning
convoys, radar, and
point can now move
sonar
West, 1.1 million
• U.S. began to
lost, more than the
produce more ships
U.S. lost in the
than were being
whole war
sunk
• War Economy
France Surrenders
June, 1940
A Divided France
Henri Petain
The French Resistance
The Free French
The Maquis
General Charles
DeGaulle
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis:
The Tripartite Pact
September, 1940
Now Britain Is All Alone!
Battle of Britain
• Britain remained defiant, led by Winston
Churchill.
• In response, Hitler launched bombing raids
over British cities that lasted from Sept.
1940- June 1941.
• Hitler was unable to take Britain.
Over there or not?
• “Cash and Carry,”
• Increase in Military
Warring nations can
Spending and Peace
buy U.S. weapons as
time draft
long as they pay cash • Roosevelt wins 3rd
and transport them
term in 1936,
in their own ships
promised to keep us
• Axis Powers: Italy,
out of war
Germany, and Japan • “Lend-Lease,” U.S.
• U.S sends aid in
would lend or lease
weapons and ships
arms to any nation
to GBR. Neutrality
whose defense was
breaking down
vital to us, GBR and
USSR
U. S. Lend-Lease Act,
1941
Great Britain.........................$31 billion
Soviet Union...........................$11 billion
France......................................$ 3 billion
China.......................................$1.5 billion
Other European.................$500 million
South America...................$400 million
The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000
Lend-Lease
Isolationism to Activism
• United States declared neutrality at the
beginning of the war.
• Americans sympathized with those who fought
the Axis powers.
• Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act 1941,
allowing the United States to sell or lend war
goods to the Allied powers.
• Congress declares war on Japan December 7,
1941, after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
Battle of Britain:
The “Blitz”
Battle of Britain:
The “Blitz”
The London “Tube”:
Air Raid Shelters during the Blitz
The Royal Air Force
British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill
Over There
• Increase in Military Spending and Peace
time draft
• Roosevelt wins 3rd term in 1936,
promised to keep us out of war
• “Lend-Lease,” U.S. would lend or lease
arms to any nation whose defense was
vital to us, GBR and USSR
The Atlantic Charter
Roosevelt and
Churchill sign
treaty of
friendship in
August 1941.
Solidifies alliance.
Fashioned after
Wilson’s 14 Points.
Calls for League of
Nations type
organization.
Operation Barbarossa:
Hitler’s Biggest Mistake
Invasion of Russia
• June 1941, Hitler nullified the Nazi-Soviet Pact by
invading the Soviet Union.
• Stalin unprepared, and the Soviet army suffered
great losses.
• The Germans advanced toward Moscow and
Leningrad.
• During the siege of Leningrad, more than a
million Russians died.
• The severe Russian winter slowed the German
army.
Operation Barbarossa:
June 22, 1941
 3,000,000 German soldiers.
 3,400 tanks.
The “Big Three”
Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin
Axis Powers in 1942
Battle of Stalingrad:
Winter of 1942-1943
German Army
Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery guns
13,541 artillery guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
Africa
• Operation Torch: Allied invasion of
Axis controlled N. Africa led by General
Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Germans surrender in May 1943
• Now on to Italy, Sicily captured in 1943,
Mussolini is forced to resign, later is
killed
• Hold on: Germany will not let Italy go,
sends in troops (25,000 allied troops
die), Germans had strong resistance
The North Africa Campaign:
The Battle of El Alamein, 1942
Gen. Ernst Rommel,
The “Desert Fox”
Gen. Bernard
Law
Montgomery
(“Monty”)
Rommel in North Africa
• Hitler sent one of his best commanders, General
Erwin Rommel, to North Africa.
• Rommel had several successes there.
• In North Africa, British and American forces, led
by Dwight Eisenhower, would trap Rommel’s
army, and he would surrender 1943.
• After North Africa falls, Allies crossed
Mediterranean and landed in Sicily.
• Allies victory in Italy led to the overthrow of
Mussolini, but fighting continued for another 18
months in Italy.
The Italian Campaign
[“Operation Torch”] :
Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”
 Allies plan
assault on
weakest Axis
area - North
Africa - Nov.
1942-May 1943
 George S.
Patton leads
American troops
 Germans
trapped in
Tunisia surrender over
275,000 troops.
The Battle for Sicily:
June, 1943
General
George S. Patton
George C. Scott
Playing General Patton in the
1968 Movie, “Patton”
The Battle of Monte Casino:
February, 1944
The Allies Liberate Rome:
June 5, 1944
Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders
for D-Day [“Operation Overlord”]
D-Day
• Eisenhower and
Operation Overlord
• 3 million men
• Attack at Normandy
in N. France
• Trickery: Calais
• Set for June 5, 1944,
bad weather, so it’s
JUNE 6, 1944
• Largest land-sea-air
operation in army
history
• U.S. forces at
Omaha and Utah
Beach
• Germans defend
with all they have
• Saving Private Ryan
beginning
D-Day (June 6, 1944)
D-Day
• D-Day was the invasion of France.
• Allied troops faced many obstacles but the
German troops finally retreated.
• As the Allies advanced, Germany reeled
from incessant, around the clock bombing.
• A German counterattack, the Battle of the
Bulge, resulted in terrible losses on both
sides.
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot
Major Claus von
Stauffenberg
July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot
1. Adolf Hitler
2. Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel
3. Gen Alfred von Jodl
4. Gen Walter Warlimont
5. Franz von Sonnleithner
6. Maj Herbert Buchs
7. Stenographer Heinz Buchholz
8. Lt Gen Hermann Fegelein
9. Col Nikolaus von Below
10. Rear Adm Hans-Erich Voss
11. Otto Gunsche, Hitler's adjutant
12. Gen Walter Scherff (injured)
13. Gen Ernst John von Freyend
14. Capt Heinz Assman (injured)
The Liberation of Paris:
August 25, 1944
De Gaulle in
Triumph!
U. S. Troops in Paris, 1944
French Female Collaborators
The Battle of the Bulge:
Hitler’s Last Offensive
Dec. 16, 1944
to
Jan. 28, 1945
Yalta: February, 1945
 FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific war.
 FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs buffer, FDR
& Stalin want spheres of influence and a weak
Germany.
 Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
 FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Yalta Conference
• “Big Three”– Roosevelt, Churchill, and
Stalin– met to plan end to the war.
• Soviets agreed to enter war against Japan
and the division of Germany into 4 zones.
• However mistrust between the Allies led
to the impending “Cold War.”
Mussolini &
His Mistress,
Claretta
Petacci
Are Hung in
Milan, 1945
US & Russian Soldiers Meet at
the Elbe River: April 25, 1945
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Entrance to
Auschwitz
Crematoria
at
Majdanek
Holocaust
• Systematic murder of 12 million people,
half are Jewish, those not deemed a part
of Hitler’s master race
• Hitler decides on a policy of genocide to
kill as many Jews and other
“undesirable,” people as he can
• We will watch a DVD about U.S. troops
finding one of the camps
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
Not just Jews
• As they marched across Europe, the Nazis
sent millions to concentration camps to
work as slave laborers (remember WWI
what did prisoners do?)
• Hitler established death camps to kill
those he judged racially inferior.
• Among many others, some six million Jews
were killed in what became known as the
Holocaust.
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Hitler’s “Secret Weapons”:
Too Little, Too Late!
V-1 Rocket:
“Buzz Bomb”
V-2 Rocket
Werner von Braun
Hitler Commits Suicide
April 30, 1945
Cyanide & Pistols
The Führer’s Bunker
Mr. & Mrs. Hitler
V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
General Keitel
Victory in Europe
• Omar Bradley breaks defenses at St. Lo,
Patten and his third army advances, Paris
freed…. By the French… yes and no
• Bulge: Allies capture first German town,
German counter offensive pushes into the
allied line, but it does not break, Germans can
only retreat
• US and GBR from the West and South and
USSR from the East
• USSR reaches Berlin in April of 1945, Hitler
kills himself,
• May 8, 1945 unconditional surrender of
Germany to the Allies, Victory in Europe
Reasons for victory for Allies
• Reasons for Allies victory:
– Because of their location Axis powers had to
fight on several fronts.
– Hitler made some poor military decisions.
– He underestimated the Soviet’s ability to fight.
– Huge production capacity of the United States
was another factor.
– Bombing hindered the German production
and caused fuel shortage.
V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
The Code Breakers of WW II
The Japanese
“Purple” [naval]
Code Machine
Bletchley Park
The German “Enigma”
Machine
Pearl Harbor
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit
of a Japanese Pilot
Infamy
• December 7, 1941
• U.S. wants to halt
Japanese Imperialism in
Asia
• U.S cut of trade with
Japan that was vital to
Japan’s imperial
aggression (oil)
• U.S. could break
Japanese military code
and was expecting an
attack, but where?
• Dec. 6, U.S. breaks code
calling for Japan not to
accept any peace
offerings, issues “war
warning”
• PEARL HARBOR IT IS
• 2 hours, 2,403 dead,
1,178 wounded, 21 ships
sunk or damaged, 300
aircraft destroyed, 3
Carriers at sea
• U.S. declares war on
Japan, Germany
declares war on the U.S.
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
President Roosevelt Signs the
US Declaration of War
USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor Memorial
2,887 Americans Dead!
“Remember Pearl Harbor”
• U.S. citizens are furious
• Volunteers (5m) and Draftees (10m)
• George Marshall: Army chief of staff
begins the Women’s Auxiliary Army
Corps (WAAC) to allow women to
serve in non combat positions
• Minorities in segregated units, did not
get to fight in combat until 1945
• Mexicans, American Indians, Blacks, and
Chinese and Japanese Americans all sign
up to fight.
• Tuskegee Airmen: honored for major
victories against German air force
Pacific Theater of Operations
Pacific
• US subs and carriers • “I shall return,”
not destroyed at
after the US loses
Pearl
the Philippines
• Japan was successful • Doolittle’s Raid:
at first and took
April 18, 1942, 16 US
control of most of
bombers attack
Asia
Japanese mainland,
symbolic, “Doolittle
• General Douglas
Do’od It.”
MacArthur
“Tokyo Rose”
Economy
• Nations industries • Defense spending
(auto) shut down
increases
and retooled to
• More minorities
support the war
hired to work, FDR
effort
executive order
• Women working in • Scientists: improve
men’s jobs
radar, sonar,
• Aircraft and Ship
medicines,
production increase Manhattan Project:
Atom Bomb
War Economy
• Fewer consumer products available
• Office of Price Administration: Fix prices,
increased the income tax, kept prices from
going up too high, why?
• Selling of war bonds
• War Production Board: which companies
would convert to make which war materials,
drives to collect scrap iron, tin cans, rags,
paper, and cooking fat
• Rationing: households, ration books to buy
food, gas, and other necessities
Government interference
• Governments took greater role in the economy.
– Ordered making of tanks rather than cars.
– Consumer goods were rationed, and wages and prices
were regulated.
– Increased production led to the end of the Great
Depression.
– Governments limited citizen’s rights, censored the
press, and resorted to propaganda.
– Women replaced men as “Rosie the Riveter.”
Paying for the War
Paying for the War
Paying for the War
Betty Grable: Allied Pinup Girl
She Reminded Men What They Were Fighting
For
• May 1942, the Japanese had gained control
of the Philippines, killing thousands during
the Bataan Death March.
Singapore Surrenders
[February, 1942]
U.S. Surrenders at Corregidor,
the Philippines [March, 1942]
Bataan Death March: April, 1942
76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans]
Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to POW
camps in the Philippines.
Bataan: British Soldiers
A
Liberated
British
POW
The Burma Campaign
General Stilwell
Leaving Burma, 1942
The “Burma Road”
War in Pacific
• General Douglas MacArthur began “islandhopping” campaign to recapture islands from
Japanese.
• The captured islands served as stepping stones
to the next objective-Japan.
• The Americans moved north and were able to
blockade Japan.
• Bombers pounded Japanese cities and industries.
• British pushed Japanese forces back into the
jungles of Burma and Malaya.
Allied Counter-Offensive:
“Island-Hopping”
“Island-Hopping”: US Troops
on Kwajalien Island
Farthest Extent
of Japanese Conquests
Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle:
First U. S. Raids on Tokyo, 1942
Battle of the Coral Sea:
May 7-8, 1942
Turning Point in Pacific
• Coral Sea: US and Australians stop a
Japanese invasion of Australia
• Midway: Turning point, strategic island
that the Japanese do not take, defeat
was so large, “avenged Pearl Harbor!”
• Island hopping: Allies move from island
to island taking them from the Japanese
while moving closer to Japan, page 786
• American Indian Code Talkers
Turning Point of the War
• The years 1942 and 1943 marked the
turning point of the war.
• In the Pacific, Allied forces won the battles
of the Coral Seas and Midway.
• Both battles, attacks were launched from
aircraft carriers.
Battle of Midway Island:
June 4-6, 1942
Battle of Midway Island:
June 4-6, 1942
Japanese Kamikaze Planes:
The Scourge of the South Pacific
Kamikaze Pilots
Suicide
Bombers
Turned
• Allies begin first
• Iwo Jima: 20,7000
offensives in August
Japanese, only 200
of 1942
live, U.S loses 6,000
most in any Pacific
• “People of the
battle, staging point
Philippines, I have
to attack Japanese
returned!”
mainland
• Kamikazes
•
Okinawa:
7,600
• Battle of Leyte Gulf,
Americans die,
Japanese Navy
110,000 Japanese
damaged beyond
die, last Island
repair
before mainland
Japan
Gen. MacArthur “Returns” to
the Philippines! [1944]
US Marines on Mt. Surbachi,
Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]
Tragedy
• FDR dies April 12,
1945, Stroke
• VP Harry Truman
is now president
• Nation is
devastated
Potsdam Conference:
July, 1945
 FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
Minister during conference.
 Stalin only original.
 The United States
has the A-bomb.
 Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into
occupation zones
 Poland moved
around to suit
P.M. Clement President
Joseph
Atlee
Truman
Stalin
the Soviets.
The Manhattan Project:
Los Alamos,
NM
Major General
Lesley R. Groves
Dr. Robert
Oppenheimer
I am become
death,
the shatterer
of worlds!
Manhattan Project
• This led the United States building the
atomic bomb.
• U.S. president, Harry Truman, decided
that dropping the bomb would save
American lives.
• The Allies first issued warnings to the
Japanese to surrender or face “utter and
complete destruction.”
Tinian Island, 1945
Little Boy
Fat Man
Enola Gay Crew
Col. Paul Tibbets & the A-Bomb
Hiroshima – August 6, 1945
© 70,000 killed
immediately.
© 48,000 buildings.
destroyed.
© 100,000s died of
radiation poisoning &
cancer later.
The Beginning of the
Atomic Age
The “BOMB”
• An attack on the Japanese mainland had
U.S. deaths estimated at 1 million
• U.S. decides to use a new weapon, the
atomic bomb
• REPRISAL: August 6, 1945 Hiroshima
“Little Boy,”, August 9, 1945 Nagasaki,
“ Fat Man” hundreds of thousands die
• Enola Gay, name of plane that dropped
the first bomb, pilot is Paul Tibbets
• Surrender September 2, 1945 U.S.S.
Missouri
Nagasaki – August 9, 1945
© 40,000 killed
immediately.
© 60,000 injured.
© 100,000s died of
radiation poisoning
& cancer later.
Japanese A-Bomb Survivors
Hiroshima Memorials
V-J Day (September 2, 1945)
Japanese POWs, Guam
V-J Day in Times Square, NYC
IT’S OVER
• Postwar Japan:
• Yalta Conference:
United Nations for a occupied by U.S.
under MacArthur,
Germany divided
into four occupation war crimes trials, 7
zones
die including Tojo,
• Nuremburg Trials:
seven year
Nazi crimes against
occupation, freehumanity, death
market economy,
camps, 24
new democratic
defendants, 12
constitution still
death, 200 more
used today, major
tried later
world economic
power
Back Home
• U.S. worlds dominant economic and
military power (why?)
• Economy soared, unemployment down,
wages up, farm income tripled
• More women in the workforce, though
many go back home
• California grows by 1 million, more
blacks to the North from the South
• GI Bill of Rights: education and training
for veterans with federal funding of
loans for new homes, farms, and
businesses
• 406,000 casualties, 292,000 deaths
WW II Casualties: Europe
Each symbol
indicates 100,000
dead in the
appropriate theater
of operations
WW II Casualties: Asia
Each symbol
indicates 100,000
dead in the
appropriate theater
of operations
Country
Men in war
Battle deaths
Wounded
Australia
1,000,000
26,976
180,864
Austria
800,000
280,000
350,117
Belgium
625,000
8,460
55,5131
40,334
943
4,222
339,760
6,671
21,878
Canada
1,086,3437
42,0427
53,145
China3
17,250,521
1,324,516
1,762,006
Czechoslovakia
—
6,6834
8,017
Denmark
—
4,339
—
Finland
500,000
79,047
50,000
France
—
201,568
400,000
20,000,000
3,250,0004
7,250,000
Greece
—
17,024
47,290
Hungary
—
147,435
89,313
India
2,393,891
32,121
64,354
Italy
3,100,000
149,4964
66,716
Japan
9,700,000
1,270,000
140,000
Netherlands
280,000
6,500
2,860
New Zealand
194,000
11,6254
17,000
75,000
2,000
—
—
664,000
530,000
650,0005
350,0006
—
410,056
2,473
—
—
6,115,0004
14,012,000
5,896,000
357,1164
369,267
16,112,566
291,557
670,846
3,741,000
305,000
425,000
Brazil2
Bulgaria
Germany
Norway
Poland
Romania
South Africa
U.S.S.R.
United Kingdom
United States
Yugoslavia
WW II
Casualties
1. Civilians only.
2. Army and navy figures.
3. Figures cover period July 7,
1937 to Sept. 2, 1945,
and concern only Chinese
regular troops. They do not
include casualties suffered
by guerrillas and local
military corps.
4. Deaths from all causes.
5. Against Soviet Russia;
385,847
against Nazi Germany.
6. Against Soviet Russia;
169,822
against Nazi Germany.
7. National Defense Ctr.,
Canadian
Forces Hq., Director of
History.
Massive Human Dislocations
The U.S. & the U.S.S.R.
Emerged as the Two Superpowers
of the later 20c
The Bi-Polarization of Europe:
The Beginning of the Cold War
The Division of Germany:
1945 - 1990
United States vs. Soviet Union
• Cold War refers to the conflict between the
United States and Soviet Union from 1946- 1990.
• Soviet leader Stalin wanted to spread
communism into Eastern Europe.
• He also wanted to create a buffer zone of
friendly countries as a defense against Germany.
• By 1948, pro-Soviet governments were in place
throughout Eastern Europe.
Marshall Plan
• Stalin began to threaten Greece and Turkey, the
United States outlined a policy called Truman
Doctrine.
• This meant the United States would resist the
spread of communism.
• To strengthen democracies in Europe, the
United States offered a massive aid package,
called Marshall Plan.
Berlin Airlift
• Western attempts to rebuild Berlin
triggered a crisis over the city of Berlin.
• The Soviets controlled East Germany,
which surrounded Berlin.
• To force the Western Allies out of Berlin,
the Soviets blockaded West Berlin, but a
yearlong airlift forced them to end the
blockade.
NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
• In 1949, the United States and nine other
nations formed a new military alliance
called North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO.)
• The Soviets responded with the Warsaw
Pact, which included the Soviet Union and
Eastern European nations.
The Creation of the U. N.
United Nations
• In 1945, delegates from 50 nations formed
the United Nations.
• Under UN Charter, each member nation
has one vote in the General Assembly.
• It has 5 permanent members:
– United States, Soviet Union, Britain, France,
and China.
• Each has the right to veto any council decision.
The Nuremberg War Trials:
Crimes Against Humanity
Japanese War Crimes Trials
General
Hideki Tojo
Bio-Chemical
Experiments
Internment
• Japanese Americans placed into camps
• 110,000 relocated by the order of FDR
• Many had to sell homes, businesses, and
belongings hastily fearing deportation
• Korematsu v. U.S.: FDR was justified in
relocation
• 1968: $38 million repaid in losses (1/10th
of actual losses)
• $20,000 per person under Ronald
Reagan
7 Future American Presidents
Served in World War II
The Race for
Space
Early Computer Technology
Came Out of WW II
Colossus, 1941
Mark I, 1944
Admiral Grace Hooper,
1944-1992
COBOL language
The Emergence of Third
World Nationalist Movements
The De-Colonization of
European Empires