Transcript The Thinking Machine - Stockton University

The Thinking Machine
Based on Tape
<The thinking machine>
Computer Has Some
Intelligence Now
• Playing chess
• Solving calculus problems
• Other examples:
Intelligence vs. Mind
• Intelligence is ability of logical thinking.
• Mind reflects imagination, feeling,
emotions, and intuition.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• AI is a branch of computer science, to make
a computer able to “think” and become
“smarter”.
• To achieve the goal, a computer is not
necessarily imitating human brain, just like
to fly is not necessarily to imitate a bird.
Knowledge vs. Basic Senses
and Skills
• Computers, as expert systems, now can do
‘complicated’ jobs with the ‘deep’
knowledge.
• But computers cannot do what a two-years
old child can do, since it lacks the basic
knowledge and basic skills.
Easy vs. Hard
• Many things are easy for humans but hard
for machine, such as playing toys,
navigation, tying shoelaces, and dealing
with ambiguities.
• Something is easy for machines but hard for
humans, such as complex calculation and
accurate memory.
True Intelligence
• “True intelligence” refers to “a brain
without body”.
• True intelligence can bypass many common
senses and skills related to activities.
• But it is still difficult. Language translation,
for example.
Language Translation
• Language is full of ambiguity.
• People speaking different languages are
sharing many common sensitivities, fears,
beliefs, sympathies, loves, ...
• One has achieved progresses in translation.
A lot of hard cores yet to overcome.
Turing Test
• A human tester ‘talks’ to a system on a
keyboard. The ‘system’, which is in
another room, can be a computer or a
human.
• If the tester is not able to tell whether he is
talking to a machine or a human, then we
say the machine has intelligence of our
humans.
Expert System
• An expert system is a computer system that
is able to solve the problems that need
human experts.
• Examples:
– Diagnosing diseases;
– Chemical analysis;
– Piloting aircrafts.
• An expert system resembles an idiot savant
who is a ‘genius’ in some aspect but idiotic
in others.
Machine Learning (ML)
• “Machine learning (ML)” refers to the
capability of building up knowledge by
itself.
• ML is an area of AI.
• With ML, knowledge of a computer can be
built up by itself through its experience,
reading, and logical deduction.
• ML is key for a computer to be as smart as
human.
Neural Network
• “Neural network” is a computer system,
mainly software, that simulates the process
of our brain’s neural system.
• By using the neural network, the computer’s
knowledge can be input by the designer or
learned by itself.
• Example: NetTalk, a neural network, is
taught to speak.
Project at CYC
• The AI project is to construct the
fundamental knowledge piece by piece for
computers. Its goal is the intelligence of 4
years old child.
• There are about 10 million pieces of basic
knowledge.