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Eukaryotic cell
structure
The Cell factory
Organelles
Highly specialized structures within the cell
Little organs
2 major divisions of the eukaryotic cell
Nucleus
The “brain”
DNA
Cytoplasm
Portion outside the nucleus but inside the cell membrane
2 types of Eukaryotic cells
Plant cells
Animal cells
What are the differences? (write them down!!!)
Nucleus
Brain of the cell
Office of the factory
Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and
with it the coded instructions for making
PROTEINS and other important
molecules
Nuclear envelope
Surrounds nucleus
Made of 2 membranes
Dotted with thousands of nuclear pores
How do we get messages, instructions and
blueprints out of the office?
Allow material to move in and out of nucleus by
using “little runners” such as proteins, RNA and
other molecules
Inside the nucleus we
see…
Contain a granular material called…
CHROMATIN
Chromatin= DNA + protein
Usually spread out in nucleus
During cell division, chromatin clumps
together or condenses…we call this….
CHROMOSOMES
Chromosomes
Threadlike structures that contain genetic
information that is passed on from one
generation to the next
Nucleolus
Small dense region inside the nucleus
Function: assembly of ribosomes begin…
Ribosomes
Most important function of cell is…
Making proteins
Proteins regulate a zillion different things
Like…
Proteins are assembled ON Ribosomes
Ribosomes are small particles of protein &
RNA (what’s RNA?)
They follow instructions from the nucleus to
make proteins…follow the orders from the
“head haunchos” in the main office
Scattered throughout the cell
They are like little factories
If a cell’s main function is making proteins, how
many ribosomes are you going to have?
Endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)
Internal membrane system
The site where the lipid components of
the cell membrane are assembled, along
with proteins and other materials
exported from the cell
2 types
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Rough ER
Involved in protein making (synthesis)
So what are we going to see on it?
ribosomes
Once a protein is made, it leaves the
ribosome and goes into the Rough ER
The rough ER then modifies the protein
All proteins that are exported by the cell
are made on the RER
Membrane proteins are made on the
RER too
Smooth ER
NO ribosomes on it
Looks smooth
Contains collections of ENZYMES that have
specialized tasks
What do enzymes do?
Tasks include:
Synthesis of membrane lipids
Detoxification of drugs
Liver cells
Big in detox therefore….what do u think liver cells have a
lot of?
Golgi Apparatus
Discovered by Italian scientist Camillo Golgi
Once proteins are done being “modified” in the
RER, they move onto the Golgi apparatus
Looks like a stack of pancakes
Function: modify, sort, and package proteins
and other materials from the ER for STORAGE
or SECRETION outside the cell
Proteins are “shipped” to final destination
They are the CUSTOMIZATION SHOP
Finishing touches on proteins before they leave
factory
Lysosomes
(Lie-so-soh-mz)
The factory’s clean-up crew
It’s an Organelle filled with
enzymes
Function: Digestion (break
down) of lipids,
carbohydrates, and proteins
into smaller molecules that
can be used by the cell
Also digest organelles that
have outlived their
usefulness
What do you think happens if
lysosomes malfunction?
A bunch of “junk” build up in the cell
Is this good?
Many human diseases result from
malfunction of lysosome
Tay-Sachs disease
Vacuoles
The factory’s storage place
Only in certain cells
Sac-like organelles
Function: stores material such as water,
salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
Plant cells have a single, large central
vacuole
Pressure of central vacuole allows plants to
support heavy structures
Single-celled organisms and
some animals also have
vacuoles…
Paramecium
Contractile vacuole
Contracts rhythmically to pump excess water
out…this maintains what?
homeostasis
What is the one thing
all living things need
to eat, breath,
reproduce, move and
much more?
ENERGY!!!!
Two ways cells get
energy…
From food molecules
From the sun
Mithochondria
Convert chemical energy stored in food
into compounds that are more convienent
for the cell to use
Has 2 membranes
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Nearly all come from the ovum
You get your mitochondria from your mom!
Chloroplasts
Capture energy from the sunlight and
convert it into chemical energy…what is
this process called?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Like solar power for plants
2 membranes
Inside: large stacks of other membranes
that contain chlorphyll
Organelle DNA
Chloroplasts and
mitochondria contain
their own genetic info
In form of small DNA
molecules
Lynn Margulis
American biologist
Chloroplasts and
mitochondria are
descendents of
prokaryotes
She said…
Ancient Prokaryotes from wayyyyy back in the
day had a symbiotic relationship with the
ancient eukaryotes
What is symbiotic? (review ecology!!!)
The prokaryotes lived inside the eukaryotes
There were prokaryotes that used oxygen to
make energy (ATP)
Mitochondria
There were prokaryotes that used
photosynthesis to get energy
Chloroplasts
Endosymbiotic Theory
Idea that
mitochondria and
chloroplasts evolved
from prokaryotes
Cytoskeleton
Supporting structure and
transportation system
Network of protein filaments that helps
the cell to maintain its shape and to help
the cell move
2 main type of filaments
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Microfilaments
Threadlike structures
Made of protein called ACTIN
Extensive networks
Tough, flexible framework
Help cells move
Assembly and disassembly helps cells
move (like amoebas)
Microtubules
Hollow structures
Made of proteins called TUBULINS
Maintain cell’s shape
Important in cell division
Make mitotic spindle (separates
chromosomes)
Help build projections from cell surface…
Cilia and Flagella
Plural: cilium and flagellum
Enable cells to swim rapidly through liquid
Like oars of a boat
Centrioles
Only animal cells
Made of protein
TUBULIN
What else is made of
tubulin?
Near nucleus
Help organize cell
division
Antwon van Leeuwenhook
Robert Hook
Cell Theory
Electron microscope
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Organelles
Cytoplasm
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin
Nucleus
Ribosome
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Course adjustment knob
Fine adjustment knob
Proteins
DNA
Contractile vacuole
Central Vacuole
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Vacuole
Mitochondrian
Chloroplast
Cytoskeleton
Centriole
Mictrotubule
Microfilament
Theodor Schwann
Matthias Schleiden
Rudolph Virchow
Lynn Margulis
Endosymbiotic Theory
Cilia
Flagella
Photosynthesis
Tay-Sachs disease