Transcript CH 17 Taxonomy rev14

Taxonomy
C17 Learning Targets
Evolution underlies the classification
of life’s diversity.
C17.1 The History of Classification
17.1 – Biologists use a system of
classification to organize information
about the diversity of living things.
TAXONOMY:
the science of classification
Classificationthe grouping of
objects or
information
based on
similarities.
ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)
First taxonomist (“Father of Classification”)
“Mine is the first step and therefore a small one, though worked out with
much thought and hard labor. You, my readers or hearers of my lectures, if
you think I have done as much as can fairly be expected of an initial start …
will acknowledge what I have achieved and will pardon what I have left for
others to accomplish.”
Aristotle created:
TWO KINGDOMS
PLANTS
ANIMALS
Herbs
On Land
Shrubs
In the Air
Trees
In Water
Carolus Linnaeus / Carl von Linne`
The Father of Modern Taxonomy
1707-1778
Modern Taxonomy
Classification of Life
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Two word naming system
Genus - first word
Species - second word
Describes a characteristic of the organism
Latin is the language used (some Greek)
(Also called “Linneaus’s system”)
LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION:
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
“Species”:
organisms that
can interbreed
and produce
fertile offspring
CLASS
0RDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
C17.1 Objective Review
Questions
1. Compare Aristotle’s and Linnaeus’s
methods of classifying organisms.
2. Explain how to write a scientific name
using binomial nomenclature.
3. Summarize the categories used in
biological classification.
C17.2 Modern Classification
Classification systems have changed over
time as information has increased.
HOW ORGANISMS ARE
CLASSIFIED:
STRUCTURAL
SIMILARITIES
BREEDING
BEHAVIOR
CHROMOSOME BIOCHEMISTRY
COMPARISONS SIMILAR DNA
CLADISTICS
The Cladistic Method
Cladograms
MODE OF
NUTRITION
GEOGRAPHIC
LOCATION
PHYLOGENY
Evolutionary Tree
PROKARYOTE
OR
EUKARYOTE
Theory of Evolution: the change in
populations over time
Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)
Proposed that species changed over time by
natural selection
Natural selection – organisms with traits suited to
their environment survive and reproduce at a
greater rate than others less suited
Homologous structures – similar structures of
common ancestors
Research was conducted on the Galapagos Islands
17.3 Domains and Kingdoms
The most widely used biological
classification system has six kingdoms
within three domains.
The Three Domains of Life
THE SIX KINGDOMS
OF LIFE
PLANTS
ANIMALS
FUNGI
PROTISTS
EUBACTERIA
ARCHAEBACTERIA
Glencoe textbook link
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Multicellular
Eukaryotes
Autotrophs/ photosynthesis
Cell walls (made of cellulose)
Sexual reproduction (most) by
seeds or spores
Found on all types of land
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Multicellular
Eukaryotes
Ingestive heterotrophs
Cell membranes
Specialized cells
Sexual reproduction (most)
by eggs & sperm
Found everywhere
KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular (most)
Eukaryotes
Absorptive heterotrophs
(extracellular digestion)
Cell walls (made of chitin)
Sexual and/or asexual
reproduction – by spores
Found in damp, dark
environments
KINGDOM PROTISTA
Unicellular or multicellular
Eukaryotes
Heterotrophs (protozoans)
and/or autotrophs (algae)
Plantlike (algae), animallike (protozoans) or
funguslike
Sexual and/or asexual
reproduction
Found in aquatic habitats
KINGDOM
ARCHAEBACTERIA
Unicellular
Prokaryotes
Cell walls
Reproduce asexually
(binary fission) and/or
sexually (conjugation)
Live in extreme habitats:
1. Oxygen-free (Methanogens)
2. Salty brines (Halophiles)
3. Hot, acidic H20 (Acidophiles)
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
Unicellular
Prokaryotes
Cell walls
Binary fission and/or
conjugation
Some are:
1. Parasites
2. Saprophytes (saprobes)
3. Autotrophs
Live everywhere
C17.3 Objective Review
Questions
1. Compare the major characteristics of the
three domains.
2. Explain four of the characteristics used to
organize organisms into the six
kingdoms.
THE END!