Transcript KINGDOMS OF LIFE

Taxonomy
TAXONOMY:
the science of classification
Classificationthe grouping of
objects or
information
based on
similarities.
ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)
First taxonomist (“Father of Classification”)
“Mine is the first step and therefore a small one, though worked out with
much thought and hard labor. You, my readers or hearers of my lectures, if
you think I have done as much as can fairly be expected of an initial start …
will acknowledge what I have achieved and will pardon what I have left for
others to accomplish.”
Aristotle created:
TWO KINGDOMS
PLANTS
ANIMALS
Herbs
On Land
Shrubs
In the Air
Trees
In Water
Carolus Linnaeus / Carl von Linne`
The Father of Modern Taxonomy
1707-1778
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Two word naming system
Genus - first word
Species - second word
Describes a characteristic of the organism
Latin is the language used (some Greek)
(Also called “Linneaus’s system”)
LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION:
KINGDOM – largest group
PHYLUM
CLASS
0RDER
Species:
organisms that
can interbreed
and produce
fertile offspring
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
HOW ORGANISMS ARE
CLASSIFIED:
STRUCTURAL
SIMILARITIES
BREEDING
BEHAVIOR
CHROMOSOME BIOCHEMISTRY
COMPARISONS SIMILAR DNA
CLADISTICS
MODE OF
NUTRITION
GEOGRAPHIC
LOCATION
PHYLOGENY
PROKARYOTE
OR
EUKARYOTE
Theory of Evolution: the change in
populations over time
Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)
Proposed that species changed over time by
natural selection
Natural selection – organisms with traits suited to
their environment survive and reproduce at a
greater rate than others less suited
Homologous structures – similar structures of
common ancestors
Research was conducted on the Galapagos Islands
THE SIX KINGDOMS
OF LIFE
ANIMALS
PLANTS
FUNGI
PROTISTS
ARCHAEBACTERIA
EUBACTERIA
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Eukaryotes
Multicellular
Cell membranes
Ingestive heterotrophs
Sexual reproduction (most)
by eggs & sperm
Found everywhere
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Eukaryotes
Multicellular
Cell walls (made of cellulose)
Autotrophs/ photosynthesis
Sexual reproduction (most) by
seeds or spores
Found on all types of land
KINGDOM FUNGI
Eukaryotes
Multicellular (most)
Cell walls (made of chitin)
Absorptive heterotrophs
(extracellular digestion)
Sexual and/or asexual
reproduction – by spores
Found in damp, dark
environments
KINGDOM PROTISTA
Eukaryotes
Unicellular or multicellular
Plantlike (algae) – cell walls,
animal-like (protozoans) –
cell membranes
Heterotrophs (protozoans)
Autotrophs (algae)
Sexual and/or asexual
reproduction
Found in aquatic habitats
KINGDOM
ARCHAEBACTERIA
Prokaryotes
Unicellular
Cell walls
Heterotrophs and/or autotrophs
Reproduce asexually (binary
fission) and/or sexually
(conjugation)
Live in extreme habitats:
1. Oxygen-free (Methanogens)
2. Salty brines (Halophiles)
3. Hot, acidic H20 (Acidophiles)
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
Prokaryotes
Unicellular
Cell walls
Binary fission and/or
conjugation
Some are:
1. Parasites
2. Saprophytes (saprobes)
3. Autotrophs
Live everywhere
THE END!