Transcript Document
EOC Review: Biochemistry, Enzymes, Cell, and Cell Transport Christopherson Monomer • Single molecule • One subunit • Example: Single bead for a necklace Polymer • Many molecules • More than one subunit • Example: Beads making up a necklace Four Macromolecules: Carbohydrates Monomer of a Carbohydrate Simple Sugar or Monosaccharide Polymer of a Carbohydrate Complex sugar Type of Carb: Monosaccharide • Explanation: One sugar / Simple Sugar • Example: Glucose or Fructose Indicator: Benedict’s Solution Positive Test: Turns Green to Red Type of Carb: Polysaccharide Explanation: Many Sugars Example of a Polysaccharides Cellulose: Provides structure for plants Example of a Polysaccharide Starch: Stored Energy in plants Examples of a Polysaccharide Chitin: Structure and support for insects and mushrooms Indicator: Iodine Positive Test: Turns Black Example of a Polysaccharide Glycogen: Stored energy in animals Carbohydrate Functions #1 •Short term energy source •Burn quickly •Glucose Carbohydrate Function #2 •Stored Energy •Organisms store what they don’t use •Glycogen and Starch Carbohydrate Function #3 Provide structure for plants, fungus, and insects Four Macromolecules: Lipids Lipids • Also known as: Fats, Oils, and Waxes Indicator: Brown Paper Bag or Towel Positive Test: Grease Spot Lipids Function #1 Long term energy storage Lipids Function #2 Provide Insulation Lipids Function #3 Regulate water movement in and out of the cell Four Macromolecules: Proteins Protein Monomers and Polymers Indicator: Biuret’s Positive Test: Turns Purple Proteins Function #1 Make up the structure and function of muscles Proteins Function #3 Blood has hemoglobin (protein) which helps transport oxygen Proteins Function #4 Insulin (protein) helps glucose move from our bloodstream to our cells Protein Function - #5 Enzymes (Protein) fuel every chemical reaction in organisms. Helps form bonds and break things down Four Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids • Elements present: Only one with P • Monomer: Nucleotide Nucleic Acid Function #1 Responsible for an organisms genetic make-up (DNA) Nucleic Acid Function #2 Usable form of energy (ATP) Nucleic Acid – Function #3 Makes Proteins: RNA Chemical Reaction Occurs when bonds are broken or formed to create a new substance Reactants Products Characteristics of Enzymes #1 Enzymes are biological catalysts; speed up the rate of reaction Example of Enzymes as Catalysts Characteristics of Enzymes #2 Enzymes are site specific One enzyme = One job How Enzymes Work Environmental Effects on Enzymes 1. Temperature* •High Temperatures can denature enzymes •Denature means lose shape (active site). Environmental Effects on Enzymes 1. pH •Dramatic changes in the pH of a solution can denature an enzyme •Decreasing enzyme activity Eukaryotic Cell Definition Complex cells that have “membranebound” organelles. “Membrane-bound” means that they have an outer layer. Two main types of Eukaryotic Cells 1. Animal Cell 2. Plant Cell Nucleus Location: Function:Large Control circle center typically of theincell; the middle location ofof the DNA cell Ribosomes Location:Location Small dots all oversynthesis; the cell Function: of protein where proteins are made Mitochondria Function: Breaks down sugar into ATP Location: Throughout the cell (usable form of energy); Powerhouse of the cell Chloroplast Location: Green “beans” throughout a Function: Location of photosynthesis; plant cell process by which plants make food Vacuole Location: Throughout an animal cell; makes upStores the majority a plant celletc. Function: water, of food, waste, Cell/Plasma Membrane Function: Control what comes in and out Location: Outer layer of the cell of the cell; gatekeeper Homeostasis The ability of an organism to adjust its internal environment to keep it stable. Cell Wall Location: Layer outside of the cell Function: Provide structure and support membrane in some organisms Plants Cell Wall Bacteria Cell Wall Fungus Cell Wall Phytoplankton Cell Wall Prokaryotic Cell Definition Simple cells that lack “membranebound” organelles. “Membranebound” means that they have an outer layer. Examples of Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Cell Specialization Nerve Cell: Conducts messages throughout organisms Cell Specialization Muscle Cell: Stretches and contracts like a rubber band; allows muscles to work Cell Specialization Blood Cell: Shaped like flat discs; Allows for more surface area for oxygen attachment Cell Specialization Sperm Cell: Possesses a tail; allows for movement to the egg Cellular Transport Christopherson Where are WE? Tissue Organism Cell Transport is fueled by the need of the cell to maintain homeostasis Diffusion Movement of particles from an high concentration to a low concentration; reach homeostasis High Low What is concentration? The amount of a substance High concentration means there is a lot present Substances that can diffuse across the cell membrane Osmosis Movement of WATER from a high to a low concentration Hint: a. Water will ALWAYS move to the higher concentration of dissolved substances. Hint: b. Solute SUCKS solvent (water)!!!! Solute Water Isotonic Solution • Cell remains same size • Water moves in and out at same rate (time) • The concentration of dissolved substances is equal in and out of cell. Hypotonic Solution • Cell swells • Water moves in • The higher concentration of dissolved substances is __________ the cell. Hypertonic Solution • Cell shrinks • Water moves out • The higher concentration of dissolved substances is __________ the cell. Two types of transport in cells Passive Transport: Movement of particles from a high to a low concentration Two types of transport in cells Active Transport: Movement of particles from a low to a high concentration; ATP is needed ATP LOW HIGH