Transcript Cell Structure

1
Analyze the nature of the relationships between
structures and functions in living cells.
1.
Explain the role of cell organelles
for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells.
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-All living things
are made of small
structures called
cells.
-Cell is the
smallest unit of
life.
HISTORY
OF THE
CELL
1665
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One of the first people to see
cells.
Looked at Cork Cells.
First to use the word cellsnamed them for the places
that
monks sleep in
the monastery.
cork
1839
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Theodor Schwann
Concluded
that all
animals are
made up of
cells
1839
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Matthias Schleiden
Concluded that
all Plants are
made up of
cells
Clip
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 All
living things are
made up of cells
 Cells are the basic unit
of structure and
function in living things
 All cells come from preexisting cells
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Cells are ~90%
water.
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Of the dry weight:
 50%
 15%
protein
carbohydrate
 15% nucleic acid
 10% lipid
 10% miscellaneous
Approximate
composition by
element:
 60%
H
 25% O
 12% C
 5% N
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DO HAVE
DO NOT HAVE
 Cell membrane Organelles
 Ribosomes
 Nucleus
 DNA
•Are all singled celled
organisms--ex: Bacteria
•Thought of as more ancient life
forms…they came first.
•They still carry out all of life’s functions!
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 Have
organelles.
 Believed to have
evolved from
prokaryotic cells
(Theory of
Endosymbiosis).
 Can
be singledcelled or multicellular
organisms.
◦ ex: plants, animals, fungi,
protista
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Animation
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“Function dictates
form”
Humans have ~200
cell types
All cells do not
look alike
◦ Ex: Nerve cells long
and spindly
◦ Cells that store fat
are rounded &large
◦ Structural cells are
square
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Size differences:
Pro: .1-10 μm
Eu: 10-100 μm
•Cells come in many
different shapes & sizes.
•Smaller cells-faster at moving materials into and out of. Surface to
volume ratio…not enough surface area to get enough food in when they
get too big
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Basic Cell
Structure
 The
outside of all
cells are surrounded
by a membrane made
of phospholipids.

Nickname: “The gatekeeper”
Selectively Permeable (Semi-permeable)
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about as
fluid as
salad oil
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Membrane molecules are held in place by
relatively weak hydrophobic interactions.
Most can drift laterally, but rarely flip-flop from
one layer to the other.
Animation
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Plant and Fungi cells also have a cell wall
outside of the cell membrane.
Plant cell wall are
made of Cellulose.
Fungi cell walls are
made of Chitin.
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Cell walls can also be
found in fungi and
bacteria.
The cell wall provides
support and protection
for these cells.
In plants, the cell wall is
made of the
carbohydrate cellulose.
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The cytoplasm contains all
of the organelles in
eukaryotic cells.
20 Cells are filled

with organelles
that each do
something to keep
the cell alive.
The jelly-like
insides of a cell is
called cytoplasm.
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 Each
organelle has a specific function
so that the cell can do its job.
◦ Each organelle has its own job!
 How
do organelles help a cell?
◦ More efficient! They divide the labor and provide
different environments for different functions.
 Remember:
ONLY EUKARYOTIC
CELLS HAVE ORGANELLES!!!!
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 Organelle
means “tiny organ.”
 Organelles function together to
help the cell carry out all of
life’s activities!!
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 The
“Brain”
 Contains the
DNA
 DNA controls
which proteins
get made-and
when!
 Where
ribosomes are
made
25 The nucleus has a
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phospholipid bilayer
around it.
The nuclear pores
allow substances to
move into and out of
the nucleus.
The DNA NEVER
leaves the nucleus.
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Not technically an
organelles.
Nickname: “protein maker”
Place where proteins are
made.
They help put the amino
acids together to make
proteins.
Made of the nucleic AcidRNA
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1.
Smooth
◦
2.
No attached
ribosomes
Rough
◦
Attached ribosomes
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
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Membrane
system
that’s
function
involves
protein
synthesis
and
transport.
Can be
thought of
as a
highway
and a
place of
protein
synthesis.
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ER branches
off from
the nuclear
membrane.
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Nickname: “UPS”
Packages molecules and
sends them to their
destination.
Also checks to make sure
the molecules are put
together correctly, if not
correct it sends them
back to the ER.
p. 175
Animation
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Vesicles are
packages of
material that
are being
transported.
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
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Nickname “Recycling Center”
Has digestive enzymes that
breakdown and recycle molecules.
 Old cell parts
 Invaders
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Storage and transport containers.
 Plants usually have one large vacuole.
 Animals generally have many small ones.
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A vacuole is a membrane-bound sac that plays roles
in intracellular digestion & the release of cellular
waste products.
When used for Transport:
Sometimes known as vesicles.
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Vacuoles play a role in
turgor pressure in plant cells.
◦ When a plant is well-watered,
water collects in cell vacuoles
producing rigidity in the plant.
◦ Without sufficient water, pressure
in the vacuole is reduced and the
plant wilts.
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•Site of
photosynthesis
in plants and
some protists.
•Requires
sunlight.
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Nickname:
“Powerhouse”
Helps breakdown
glucose for energy.
Site of ATP production
◦ ATP is the universal
energy molecule
◦ Energy is stored in the
bonds of ATP.
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Help single
celled
organisms
to move.
 cilia short,
numerous
 flagella
- longer,
fewer
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Gives cells their shape.
Contain proteins: microtubules
and microfilaments.
◦ Microfilaments help give the cell shape, and
movement in cytoplasm.
◦ Microtubules
aids in
chromosome
movement, movement
of organelles,
cilia and flagella.
◦ Without the cytoskeleton, the cell would have no
shape. By allowing the cell to keep shape, the cell is
allowed to function and stay in homeostasis.
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Cell membrane
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Microtubule
Microfilament
Ribosomes
Michondrion
Smart board
Review
Animal cell
Plant Cell
Clip
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Cells make up tissues.
Tissues make up Organs.
Organs make up organ systems.
Organ Systems make up organisms.
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http://www.jackson.k12.ga.us/teachers/jawal
l/BioVideos/Parts_of_an_Animal_Cell.asf
http://www.jackson.k12.ga.us/teachers/jawal
l/BioVideos/Parts_of_a_Plant_Cell.asf
http://www.jackson.k12.ga.us/teachers/jawal
l/BioVideos/Plant_and_Animal_Cells.asf