Transcript Unit 2 Exam Cell Cell organelles Plant and Animal Tissue

Unit 2 Exam
Cell
Cell organelles
Plant and Animal Tissue
Cell Membrane
Cell Transport
Cell Communication
What is the pathway a
secretory protein as it is
synthesized in the cell and
released?
Ribosome
Rough ER
Golgi Body
Secretory vesicle
Plasma membrane
This is a polymer of the
protein tubulin that is found in
cilia, flagella and spindle
fibers
Microtubule
Cells that lack membrane bound
organelles are called…
Prokaryotic cells
These proteins traverse the entire
cell membrane.
Transmembrane proteins
This organelle is a set of
flattened sacs that are stacked;
vessicles are secreted from the
trans face.
The Golgi Body
This organelle contains pores to
allow RNA and other molecules
to pass to the cytoplasm.
The nuclear membrane
Bacteria contain DNA in a
nucleus….true or false?
False, DNA is a coiled
structure called a …
Nucleoid
When a cell takes in liquid by
means of endocytosis, is is
called…
pinocytosis
These are found on the Rough
ER and free floating in the
cytoplasm; made in the
nucleolus.
Ribosomes
These organelles are not
found in animal cells.
Cell wall, large vacuole,
chloroplasts,
glyoxysomes
What do glyoxysomes do?
Convert fat to carbohydrates
in plants
What are the fundamentals of
living things?
• Cellular
organiization
• Growth
• Sensitivity
• Development
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Reproduction
Regulation
Heredity
Homeostasis
This type of microscope provides
and image only visible on a
computer and the image is a 3-D
view of the surface of the object.
A Scanning Electron
Microscope
What are some adaptaions
to large cells to accomidate
efficient transport of materials?
• Flattened
• Elongated
• Villi present
• Dimples
This organelle contains an
internal membrane system called
cristae.
The Mitochondria
This theory suggests that the
mictochondria and chloroplast
were once free living
prokaryotes.
The Theory of Endosymbiosis
The cytoskeleton is an interior
network to hold organelles and
proteins in place, as well as
keeping the cells structure. It is
made of these three substances.
• Actin filaments
• Microtubules
• Intermediate filament
What helps to increase the
surface to volume ratio in
plants?
The central vacuole
Since animal cells lack cell walls,
how do they keep their structure?
• An extracellular matrix
composed of elastin,
proteoglycan, collagen,
fibronectin, integrin, spectrins
This part of the cell membrane
is hydrophillic.
The phosphate “heads”
This is needed in the cell
membrane for structure; keeps
the membrane rigid and flexible
Cholesterol
This is why the cell membrane
is a “bilayer”
The phosphates orient toward the
inside and outside of the cells
resulting in the lipid tails coming
together in the middle, excluding
polar molecules
These transmembrane proteins
passively transport molecules
across the membrane
Transport proteins
These molecules in the
membrane are for cell “self”
recognition.
Glycoproteins
These proteins are responsible
for the markers on blood cells for
blood groups.
Where are they found?
Glycolipids
They are found attached to the
lipid region of the cell membrane
bilayer.
Passive transport of molecules
form high to low concentration
Diffusion
These types of cells cover every
surface of the vertebrate body
because they function as a
barrier and allow for quick,easy
diffusion
Epithelial
Plant tissue that transports water
and dissolved minerals up into
the plant.
Xylem
Plant cells that provide support in
young stems and leaves,
therefore are located beneath the
epidermis.
Collenchyma
Plant cells that have large
vacuole for storage; located at
the pith of stems and roots
Parenchyma
Name the four types of
epithelial tissue
• Squamous
• Cuboidal
• Columnar
• Stratified
Simple
One layer
Several layers
These types of epithelial cells line
the intestines,stomach, and parts
of the respiratory tract,
Columnar cells
These epithelial cells are very
thin to allow for rapid diffusion
Squamous
Skin is comprised of squmous
epithelial, but is different from
lung lining and blood vessel lining
in this way.
Skin is stratified
(stratified squamouos-named
according to the outermost layer)
You would find cuboidal epithelial
cells here because they are
necessary for transport,
secretion, and absorption
Kidney and lining of some
glands
Psuedostratified columnar cells
have cilia and are found here.
Lining the respiratory tract
These types of tissues have
abundant extracellular material
(matrix)because they are spaced
widely apart.
Connective tissue
Loose connective tissue that can
be stored under skin, in bone
marrow, around kidneys, in hips
and breasts
Adipose
Dense connective tissue contains
tightly packed collagen, making it
stronger than loose. Give
examples of this tissue.
Tendons, ligaments,
covering of muscles, skin, kidney,
and liver
Another types of connective
tissue that is formed from a
glycoprotein called chondroitin
and collagen fibers
Cartilage
This type of connective tissue
becomes hardened with crystals
of calcium phosphateand is
nurished by blood vessels that
travel through canals
Bone
What is the extracellular material
the defines blood as connective
tissue?
Plasma
Why don’t mature mamalian
blood cells contain nuclei?
They actually loose their nuclei,
mitochondria, and ER’s because
of needing room for carrying
hemoglobin to bind oxygen. No
function in metabolism
Which type of muscle cells are
called striated?
Cardiac and skeleton
(cells appear to have traverse
stripes when viewed
longitudinally)
Where do you find smooth
muscle that is involuntary and
rhythmic in activity?
Walls of blood vessels,
stomach and intestines
Which muscle cells need to be
highly interconnected to promote
rapid spread of contraction?
Cardiac
These muscle cells have long,
multinucleated that run the length
of the muscle.
Skeletal
The central body of a nerve cell
has thin thread like extensions
called…
Dendrites
What protects anerves cell’s
axon, providing insulation form
charges?
Myelin sheath
Contains small, interconnected,
uninucleated striated cells
Cardiac muscle
During osmosis across the cell
membrane, water moves through
special pores called…
Aquaporins
Which is hypertonic? The cell
or the solution?
5% NaCl
10% sucrose
The cell is hypertonic to the
environment
In which environment will the cell
swell because the cell is
hypertonic?
water
water
water
2% sucrose
water
10% sucrose
None
(In each case the cell is
hypotonic and will loose mass.)
These are examples of bulk
transport
Endocytosis, exocytosis, and
bulk flow(due to pressure)
Nerve cells must utilize the
sodium-potassium pump to
maintain what balance of sodium
and potassium ions?
Low sodium and high potassium
in, high sodium and low
potassium out
Give another reason why any cell
would need to keep hig sodiu
outside and low sodium in.
There is a concentration gradient
that forces sodium back into the
cell through coupled channels.
This allows other substances to
enter (calcium, glucose…)
Coupled transport and counter
transport
This type of cell to cell contact is
needed to allow passage of
material to adjacent cells without
leaking.
Tight junctions
These cell junctions adhere cells
to each other in animal tissue.
Desmosomes
These types of junctions are
necessary on tissue that may be
under mechanical stress, like
muscles and skin; they attach
cytoskeletons
Anchoring junctions
This communicating junction in
plant cells, allows one cell to
pass substances to another due
to the connection of ERs
Plasmodesmata
These junctions in animal tissue
do not touch and release
substances across a synaptic
gap.
Where are they found?
Gap junctions found in nerve
tissue
When cells signal one another,
some signals are long lived,
reach distant organs by way of
the circulatory system. These
signals are called….
Endocrine signals
These are endocrine signaling
molecules
Hormones
Neurotransmitters are signals
of what type?
Synaptic signals that provide
rapid communication with distant
cells by way of dendrites.
How do paracrine signalling
and direct signaling differ?
• Paracrine signaling reaches local
cells and are short lived
• Direct signaling reaches only
adjacent cells
The membrane used in the lab to
form a model of a cell only
allowed certain molecules to
pass across. This is called…
Semipermeable
The water potential will decrease
in an apple if…
1. the apple is allowed to sit in
the open dry air
or
2. the apple is placed in water
The End