Transcript Document

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Cell Theory
• All know living things are
made up of cells
• Cells are the basic unit
of structure and function
in living things
• All cells come from preexisting cells
• Clip
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Robert Hooke-1665
• First to see cells.
• First to use the word
•
“cells”- named for the
places that monks
sleep in monastery
Built first microscope
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Theodor Schwann
1839
Concluded that all
animals are made up of
cells
Matthias Schleiden
1839
Concluded that all plant cells
are made up of cells
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Two basic Types of Cells
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Prokaryotic Cells
DO HAVE
• Cell membrane
• Ribosomes
• DNA
DO NOT HAVE
• Organelles
• Nucleus
•Are all singled celled organisms.
•Thought of as more ancient life forms…they came
1st!
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Eukaryotic Cells
• Have organelles.
• Singled-celled
or multicellular
organisms!
• 2 Types: Plant
and Animal
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Basic Cell Structure
• Cells come in many different
shapes and sizes.
• Like bricks in a building, cells
make up all living things
• Clip
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The Cell Membrane
• The outside of ALL cells
are surrounded by a
membrane made of
phospholipids.
• Nickname: “The
gatekeeper”
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Membrane Structure
• There are proteins “stuck” in the membrane
that help get things into and out of the
cells.
• They also help to get messages into the cell.
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The
Membrane
is a lipid
bilayer.
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How do
molecules get
into and out
of a cell?
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Transport through the membrane
Two types
–Passive Transport
•Energy input NOT required
–Active Transport
•Energy input required
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Passive Transport
Moves material
from High
Concentration to
Low concentration
3 types of Passive
Transport
1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated
Diffusion
Protein
•Movement of
molecules
from a place
of higher
concentration
to a place of
lower
concentration
•Always
higher to
lower!
•No energy
input
required!
Diffusion
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Osmosis:Diffusion of water through a cell membrane
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• Types of solutions: The direction
in which the water moves is
determined by the type of
solution.
• Remember water runs downhill!
• From high concentration to low
concentration.
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3 types of Solutions
What types of solution?
Hypertonic
Or
Hypotonic
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Facilitated Diffusion
Particles moved with the help of membrane
Glucose
proteins
High
Concentration
Cell Membrane
bilayer
Low
Concentration
molecules
Protein
channel
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Active Transport
• Energy is
required.
• Need ATP- the
universal
energy
molecule.
• Low to high
concentration
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Ways to get molecules into and
out of a cell with active
transport
Some molecules are too large to
get through the membrane.
Website
1.Endocytosis
• Into
1.Exocytosis
• Out of
E
N
D
O
C
Y
T
O
S
I
S
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Inside of the cell
Exocytosis
Outside of the cell
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Cell Structure
• Cells are composed of a
variety of structures that help
them do their jobs.
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Cell Wall
• Found in Plant, Fungi,
and Bacteria Cells
• Provides support and
protection
• In plants, the cell wall
is made of the
carbohydrate
cellulose.
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Ribosomes
• Not technically an
organelles.
• Nickname: “protein
maker”
• They help put the
amino acids
together to make
proteins.
• Made of the nucleic
Acid-RNA
• website
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The Cytoplasm
• jelly-like substance
• contains all of the
organelles
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Organelles in the Cytoplasm
• Each organelle has a specific
function so that the cell can do
its job.
• Each organelle has its own job!
• Remember: ONLY EUKARYOTIC
CELLS HAVE ORGANELLES!!!!
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What’s an organelle?
• Organelle mean “tiny organ.”
• Organelles function together
to help the cell carry out all
of life’s activities!!
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Nucleus-The Control Center
• “The Brain”
• Contains the
DNA
• DNA controls
which proteins
get made-and
when!
• Where
ribosomes are
made
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Nucleus
(Continued)
• has a phospholipid
•
•
bilayer around it
nuclear pores allow
substances to move
into and out of the
nucleus
DNA NEVER leaves
the nucleus
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Membrane
•
system function =
protein
synthesis
and
transport.
thought of
as a
Highway
and a
place of
protein
synthesis.
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Two types of ER
• Smooth
– No attached
ribosomes
• Rough
– Attached ribosomes
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Golgi Apparatus
• Nickname: “UPS”
• Packages molecules
•
•
and sends them to
their destination.
Also checks to make
sure the molecules are
put together correctly,
if not correct it sends
them back to the ER.
Website
Let’s Review
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Vacuoles
• packages of
material that are
being stored and
transported
•Plants usually have
one large one
•Animals generally
have many small
ones.
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Lysosomes
• Nickname
“Recycling Center”
• Has digestive
enzymes that
breakdown and
recycle molecules.
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Chloroplasts
Site of
photosynthesis
in plants.
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Cytoskeleton
• Gives cells their shape.
• Contain proteins: microtubules (shape) and
microfilaments (movement).
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Mitochondria
• Nickname:
•
•
•
“Powerhouse”
Site of ATP production
ATP is the universal
energy molecule
Energy is stored in
the bonds of ATP.
• Website
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Vacuole
Chloroplast
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosome
(free)
Ribosome
(attached)
Cell
Membrane
Cell wall
Nuclear
envelope
Nucleolus
Golgi
apparatus
Mitochondrian
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Plant Cell
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Organelles of the Cell Clip
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear
envelope
Ribosome
(attached)Ribosome
(free)
Cell
Membrane
Mitochondrian
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
Golgi
apparatus
Animal Cell
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Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell
Clip
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Levels of Organization
• Cells make up tissues.
• Tissues make up Organs.
• Organs make up organ systems.