Transcript Plants?
In This Lesson: Cell Organelles – Part 1 (Lesson 4 of 5) Today is Tuesday, October 20th, 2015 Pre-Class: Write in your notebooks what you know about plant and animal cells (and/or their differences). You can be as specific or general as you like/can. Only slightly related to today Please take a worksheet from the Turn-In Box. http://failblog.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/fail-owned-flytrap-fail.jpg?w=500&h=369 Today’s Agenda • Be able to identify and list the functions of some of the cell’s organelles. • Color a little bit. • Distinguish between plant, animal, and other cells like prokaryotes (bacteria). • Where is this in my book? – Academic: Pages 172-180 – Honors: Page 56 and following… By the end of this lesson… • You should be able to distinguish between the two primary classes of cells. • You should be able to describe the structure and functions of the various cell organelles. Where to begin… • How about the common features? – “Sure!” said the class. • These are the two most general categories of cells: – Prokaryotes (or “prokaryotic cells”) • Bacteria – Eukaryotes (or “eukaryotic cells”) • Plants, animals, fungi, protists • These are distinguished [mainly] by the presence or absence of the nucleus. Smart Phone vs. “Dumb Phone?” • Let’s explain it this way: Can call Can text Can take photos Can call Can text Can take photos Can make e-chocolate milk Mr. Gleicher’s Phone Can use mapsFancy New Phone Can do lots more… Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes • Let’s explain it this way: Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes • Prokaryotes (“before kernel”): – No nucleus, no membranebound organelles. – Simple and old. • Eukaryotes (“true kernel”): – Nucleus, membranebound organelles. – Relatively new and more complex. http://asweknowit.net/images_edu/DWA%205%20eukaryote.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Prokaryote_cell_diagram_pt.svg/573px-Prokaryote_cell_diagram_pt.svg.png Some comparison… Prokaryotes Eukaryotes No nucleus No compartments Nucleus Ribosomes Compartments Cell Membranes Relatively simple Relatively complex Genetic Material Now for some organelles… • An organelle (“little organ”) is a cell “part.” – The cell’s “apps.” • “There’s an organelle for that!” • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/be gin/cells/scale/ • Scale of the Universe • It’s not considered alive, but it is made of organic molecules. • BioScale! Wait just a second… • I bet you’re sitting there thinking I’m going to go on and on talking about organelles for another 45 minutes. – Negative. • Today, YOU (yes you) will be making your own notes. I’ll only be here as backup. What You Need To Find • I will give you the organelle. You will find: – Whether it is in eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells, or both. – Whether it is in animal cells, plant cells, or both. – Basic organelle function. Presentations • Following your research your pair will “present” your facts. • The class will write down what you found in a table. – See next slide… What to Record Organelle Found In Prokaryotes? Found In Eukaryotes? Animals? Plants? Main Function Use the following website, at least to start (yours may not be there): http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html This is a <10 Minute Research Project. 12 Organelles 1. Nucleus 2. Ribosome 3. Cell Wall 4. Cell Membrane 5. Endoplasmic Reticulum 6. Lysosome 7. Golgi Apparatus 8. Mitochondria 9. Chloroplast 10. Central Vacuole 11. Vesicles 12. Centriole Nucleus Found In Prokaryotes? ✘ Found In Eukaryotes? Animals? Plants? ✓ ✓ • The “control center” of the cell. • Has its own doublemembrane called the “nuclear envelope,” which has lots of pores. • Contains DNA. • Has a nucleolus (area in nucleus) that makes ribosomes. http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Zoology/AnimalPhysiology/Anatomy/AnimalCellStructure/Nucleus/cellnucleus.jpg Coloring Sheet It’s small… Ribosomes (because we all need our proteins) • Very small organelles that make proteins for the cell or for export. • All cells need proteins, so… – …ribosomes are found in every living thing. – …ribosomes are “evolutionarily old.” • Haven’t changed much and are shared by many distantly related organisms. Found In Eukaryotes? Found In Prokaryotes? ✓ http://library.thinkquest.org/04apr/00217/images/content/ribosome.jpg Animals? Plants? ✓ ✓ Coloring Sheet Now for the unique structures… • Cell Wall – Rigid, relatively strong, made of cellulose. • Helps support plants. – Note that there is still a cell membrane, just that it has the cell wall surrounding it. Found In Prokaryotes? ✓ http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/cellwall.jpeg Found In Eukaryotes? Animals? Plants? ✘ ✓ Coloring Sheet Cell Membrane • Found in all cells. • Surrounds the cell. • Allows for membrane transport (diffusion, osmosis, et cetera) and serves as a barrier. Found In Prokaryotes? ✓ Found In Eukaryotes? Animals? Plants? ✓ ✓ Coloring Sheet Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Usually found near the nucleus. – Rough ER: Lined with ribosomes (which make protein). • Rough ER is a stack of discs. • Proteins are made and transported for export to other cells. • Makes cell membrane. – Smooth ER: No ribosomes. Drug detox. Makes lipids. Has calcium. • Smooth ER is a tube shape. • Lipids are kept local. • Both are capable of some transport. Found In Prokaryotes? ✘ Found In Eukaryotes? Animals? Plants? ✓ ✓ http://images.teamsugar.com/files/upl1/1/13839/15_2008/MV5BMjA0NjI0ODgzNF5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTcwMDAxNDUyMQ@@._V1._SY400_SX60 0_.jpg https://illnessesanimalsplants.wikispaces.com/file/view/smooth_&_rough_ER.jpg/31839797 Get it? Coloring Sheet Lysosome • Very simply put, it’s a vesicle that contains digestive enzymes. – Fun fact: Enzymes are made by the ER and sent to another organelle (the Golgi – more to come). • May be used to break down worn out organelles or other cell parts (autophagy). • Think of it as the cell’s “garbage disposal.” • Plant cells have them, but they’re not as common as in animal cells. Found In Prokaryotes? ✘ Found In Eukaryotes? Animals? Plants? ✓ ✓ Lysosome http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/img/lysosome.jpg http://www.yksd.com/distanceedcourses/Courses09/Biology/lessons/FirstQuarterLessons/Chapter1/images/Lesson2/25lysosome.png Coloring Sheet Aside: Lysosomal Diseases • Tay-Sachs Disease and Gaucher’s Disease – Failure to break down fatty acid derivatives. – Tay-Sachs is common in Ashkenazic Jews. Aside: Apoptosis • When cells need to be replaced, they undergo something referred to as “programmed cell death,” or apoptosis. – Literally, they digest themselves to death. • The lysosome plays a role in this process too, by releasing enzymes into the cytoplasm. – It’s like if your stomach opened and ate you. • This is the same process used to eliminate the tailbone and webbing between your fingers you had whilst still in yo’ mom. Aside: Peroxisome? • In many cells is another organelle called the peroxisome, which is similar in some ways to a lysosome. • They’re made by the ER and perform many different functions relating to metabolism – mostly breaking down fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide. • Peroxisomes are sometimes referred to as microbodies. Aside: Peroxisomal Diseases • X-linked Adrenoleukodistrophy – Fatty acids can’t get metabolized, resulting ultimately in nerve damage. • See Lorenzo’s Oil. • Zellweger Syndrome – Proteins cannot be imported into the peroxisome. Golgi Apparatus • The Golgi Apparatus (or Golgi Body) is what the cell uses to: – Modify already existing proteins. – Package proteins in vesicles for exocytosis or to digest other parts of the cell (this part’s on the next slide). – Remember how the lysosome is a vesicle? Yeah, the Golgi makes that too (the ER makes the enzymes). Found In Eukaryotes? Found In – It’s a blobby stack of membranes. Prokaryotes? Animals? Plants? – Like the Postal Service of the cell. ✘ ✓ ✓ http://employees.csbsju.edu/HJAKUBOWSKI/classes/ch331/cho/ergolgi.jpeg Coloring Sheet Quick Analogy • Let’s say you want to make someone a present and mail it to them. – First you would make the gift (like a ribosome makes protein)… – …then you would move it in your house toward the door (like rough ER moves protein)… – …then you would ship it to your friend (like the Golgi ships particles). So all this stuff and no energy yet, huh? • So far, nothing we have described actually provides the cell with any energy. • Plenty of things we’ve talked about use lots of energy, though. – Where’s it all coming from? Mitochondria • Often called the powerhouse of the cell. • Uses organic molecules to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), helps in respiration (basically, they make energy). – ATP is one nucleotide with some bonds attached that release a lot of energy when broken and reformed. – ATP = CELL FUEL! • More coming on this next unit… • Mitochondria have two membranes that form two compartments, and they also have their own DNA (from Mom). Found In Eukaryotes? – Grammar Note: Found In Prokaryotes? • One mitochondrion, two mitochondria… ✘ Animals? Plants? ✓ ✓ Its own DNA with no nucleus? • Does this sound familiar? • Scientists think mitochondria once lived on their own…and were actually bacteria! • Need more evidence? – Mitochondria also have their own ribosomes. http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/endosymbiosis/mitoch ondria.gif http://schoolswikipedia.org/images/750/75080.png Aside: mtDNA • mtDNA is the name given to mitochondrial DNA. • It’s inherited directly from the maternal side of the family, meaning it’s almost always unchanged from your mother’s mtDNA…whose mtDNA was unchanged from her mother too. • This makes it valuable for forensics, as it’s not as fragile as nuclear DNA and can be found much more readily in hair samples. Mitochondria Numbers • Interestingly, there are about 1000 mitochondria per cell (average). • Which kind of cell might have more, a skin cell or a muscle cell? – Muscle cell. Why? – Muscles need more energy, so they have more mitochondria. Coloring Sheet Aside: Muscle Cells • Muscle cells act in cooperation with others. • As a result, their organelles have different names: – – – – Sarcolemma = Plasma Membrane Sarcoplasmic Reticulum = Endoplasmic Reticulum Sarcosomes = Mitochondria Sarcoplasm = Cytoplasm Chloroplast • • • • Only for plant cells. Source of the green color. Site of photosynthesis. Similar to mitochondria: – – – – Have two membranes. Have their own DNA. Have their own ribosomes. Prokaryote descendents? http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/chloroplasts/images/chloroplastsfigure1.jpg Found In Prokaryotes? ✘ Found In Eukaryotes? Animals? Plants? ✘ ✓ Coloring Sheet Central Vacuole • Plants only have large, central vacuoles. – Animals have smaller ones. – Prokaryotes rarely have them. • Storage for water and other stuff (plants/animals). • Takes up most of the cell (plants only). • Supports the cell when full, too (plants only). Found In Prokaryotes? Vacuole Entire Cell ✘ Found In Eukaryotes? Animals? Plants? ✓ ✓ [small] [large] http://www.ccs.k12.in.us/chsBS/kons/kons/eukaryotic%20cell/cytoplasm_and_its_associated_str_files/image017.jpg Coloring Sheet Vesicles • Not technically organelles, they are membrane-bound “packages” of the cell, usually from the Golgi or cell membrane. • A sac that contains a substance. • Pinch off organelles and move through the cytoplasm to a destination. – What might be a destination? Nerve cell vesicles releasing contents http://www.cnsforum.com/content/pictures/imagebank/hirespng/vesicle_fusion.png Found In Prokaryotes? ✓ Found In Eukaryotes? Animals? Plants? ✓ ✓ Vesicles • Vesicles are small “bubbles” of cell membrane. – They’re made of cell membrane. • They’re used to carry stuff around the cell, out of the cell, or into the cell. • They’re found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. • Think of them like little envelopes for shipping stuff. Centrioles • Short rod-shaped structures. • Guide cell division. – Whole unit on this stuff. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/centrioles/images/centriolesfigure1.jpg Found In Prokaryotes? ✘ Found In Eukaryotes? Animals? Plants? ✓ ✘ Starting here… A Little Review http://www.bchs.k12.va.us/BCHS-Webpage/HSWEBPAGE/SchoolSite/assets/plantcell.gif A Little More Review • http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/health /anatomy/cell/index.htm • Let’s try some cell anatomy with a little more detail… Your Assignment… • …is to make a mini-poster on standard printer-paper, but make it look pretty. • On this poster you will have the following: – Organelle (of your choosing but not the one you researched in class) – Diagram of the cell with the organelle highlighted – A list of the functions of the organelle and any important details***. ***Fine Print • Your poster must have one fact we did not cover in class on it. It must be cited and paraphrased. – Bibliography! • You may not use Wikipedia or any other site with user-generated content. • Worth 20 points. – Full details on SharePoint (Supporting Documents) • File is called “Mini-Poster – Organelles” Closure Challenge Question • Cell walls and vacuoles can make plant cells rigid. What purpose does this rigidity have for the plant? How do most animals survive without cell walls?