Transcript Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Ch. 6 – The Cell
Discovery of Cells
Hans and Zacharias Janssen (1590)
• Made the
First
compound
light
microscope
Robert Hooke (1663)
• Looked at a
piece of cork
and called
what he saw
“cells”
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674)
• First to observe
living cells
• Looked at pond
water and saw “wee
beasties”
Robert Brown (1833)
• Observed that cells had a dark structure within
plant cells
• Brown observed the nucleus
Theodor Schwann
(1838)
• All animals are made
of cells
Matthias Schlieden
(1838)
• All plants are made
of cells
Together they said all
living things are made of
cells
Rudolf Virchow (1855)
• Stated that
Cells can only
come from
pre-existing
cells
Cell Theory
1. All organisms are composed of
one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of
structure and organization of
organisms.
3. All cells come from pre-existing
cells.
Exceptions to the Cell Theory
• Viruses – are not cellular
• Mitochondria and chloroplast – each contain
genetic material and can reproduce
Cell Structure
Flagellum
Locomotion
Nucleolus
Makes
ribosomes
Nucleus
Control Center
Plasma Membrane
Covering
Smooth ER
Makes
membranes
Nuclear Envelope
with Nuclear Pores
Mitochondria
Cell Respiration
ENERGY
Rough ER
Makes Cell Parts
associated with Ribosomes
Centrosome
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Makes Proteins
Golgi Apparatus
Peroxisomes
Produces hydrogen peroxide;
helps digest long fatty acids
Lysosome
Modifies and sorts cell part
made in the ER
Digests waste; apoptosis (cell death)
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear Envelope
Smooth ER
Golgi
Apparatus
Rough ER
Vacuole
Storage; Turgor Pressure
Cell Wall
Structure; made of
Cellulose
Cytoskeleton
Peroxisome
Chloroplasts
Plasma
Membrane
Photosynthesis
Mitochondria
Plasmodesmata
Channels in Cell Wall
How organelles
are
fractionated (isolated)
The Endomembrane System
Includes:
•nuclear envelope
•Endoplasmic reticulum
•Golgi apparatus
•Lysosomes
•Vacuoles
•Plasma membrane*
Endomembrane System (con’t)
Endoplasmic reticulum
• manufactures membranes
• two distinct regions
+ smooth ER
- synthesis of lipids
- carbohydrate metabolism
- detoxify drugs/poisons
- stores calcium ions
+ rough ER
- manufacture proteins for
secretion
- membrane production
Endomembrane System (con’t)
Golgi apparatus
• finishes, sorts, and
ships cell products
• two poles
+ cis face
+ trans face
Enzymes in the Golgi modify products of the ER in stages
as they move through the Golgi stack from cis to trans face.
Apoptosis – programmed cell
death
Endomembrane System Summary
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
•energy transformers of cells
+ double membranes
+ contain ribosomes/DNA
Mitochondrial DNA is only passed on
by mom
The Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
•provides structural support
for motility and regulation
+ network of fibers
- microtubules
- microfilaments
- intermediate filaments
Cytoskeleton (con’t)
F
L
A
G
E
L
L
A
C
I
L
I
A
Flagellum Structure