Transcript Human Papilloma virus testing

Research Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology “Georgi D. Efremov”, MASA
Human Papilloma virus testing
What is Human Papillomavirus?
Human papilloma virus (HPV) is an epitheliotropic
species-specific virus containing a small circular doublestranded DNA (approx. 8 Kb) within an icosahedral coat
or capsid. Due to the target epithelial site HPV could be
cutaneous (when they infect foot and hand epidermis
and cause most likely warts) and mucosal (when they
infect mostly transformation zones between squamous
and glandular epithelia e.g., of the genital areas of both
sexes almost exclusively through sexual contact). HPV is
a sexually transmitted infection which is recognized as
the major cause of cervical cancer, a disease that kills
more than 200 000 women around the world each year.
Most infections clear within 2 years, however, a minority
persists and potentially could progress to cervical cancer.
Types of HPV
There are more than 100 types of human papilloma
virus, and more than 50 infect the cervical epithelium.
Based on their oncogenic potential they are divided in
three groups: high-risk HPV types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35,
39, 45, 51, 52, 55, 56, 58, 59, 68, 70, 73, 82, 83 and
IS39), potentially high-risk HPV types (26, 53, 62 and
66), and low-risk HPV types (6, 11, 34, 40, 42, 44, 57,
31, 64, 67, 69, 72, 74, 81,84, CP6108, CP8061 and
LVX100).
How can you get HPV?
HPV is primarily spread through vaginal, anal, or oral
sex, but sexual intercourse is not required for infection
to occur. HPV is spread by skin-to-skin contact. Sexual
contact with an infected partner, regardless of the sex of
the partner, is the most common way the virus is spread.
To decrease the chance of infection you should:
• Limit your number of sexual partners.
• Use condoms to reduce your risk of infection when you
have vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Condoms cannot fully
protect you against HPV infection. HPV can be passed
from person to person by touching infected areas not
covered by a condom. These areas may include skin in
the genital or anal areas. Female condoms cover more
skin and may provide a little more protection than male
condoms.
Material for testing
Cervical swab samples in microbiological sterile tubes,
cervical biopsies, and throat swab samples.
What are the symptoms of HPV
infection?
The majority of infections are self-limiting and asymptomatic
(~80% of initial HPV infections remain asymptomatic after
five years). HPV infection does not require cell death to
complete infectious cycle and therefore causes no local
inflammation or ulceration. Clinical manifestations of HPV
infection include anogenital warts, recurrent respiratory
papillomatosis, cervical cancer precursors (cervical
intraepithelial neoplasia), and cancers, including cervical,
anal, vaginal, vulvar, penile, and some head and neck
cancer.
Risk factors for HPV infections?
The most significant risk factor for HPV infection is sexual
behavior. The total number of sexual partners and the
number of recent partners appear to be the most consistent
factors, particularly for infections with carcinogenic HPVs.
Age at the time of the first sexual contact is a less constant
factor of HPV infection. Other factors, such as STI history,
hormonal factors (oral contraceptives or pregnancy),
condom use, and smoking are occasionally associated with
HPV infection.
Who should be tested?
Most cases and deaths from cervical cancer can be
prevented through detection of precancerous changes
within the cervix by cervical cytology using the Pap test
screening. HPV detection is recommended as an alternative
and addition to the cytological findings of the cervical
screening, to improve the sensitivity in detection of the
precancerous lesions. Every woman with abnormal
cytological findings should perform HPV testing., HPV testing
should be repeated if previously HPV was detected, if the
woman was previously treated for cancer or precancer or if
the immune system have been weakened for some reason.
Additionally, if the results of both tests are normal, these
women should not have another Pap test or HPV test for at
least 3 years.
Analyses methods performed at RCGEB
HPV testing at RCGEB is performed by two analysis.
HPV detection is performed by PCR analysis using
MY09/MY11 primers for amplification, followed by allele
specific oligonucleotide hybridization (ASO hybridization).
The genotype of HPV in HPV DNA positive patients is
determined by type specific fluorescent PCR by which 29
HPV genotypes can be detected or using a commercially
available kit DR.HPVTM IVD Kit- DR. Chip Biotechnology
Incorporation, Taiwan, that determines 27 HPV types.
HPV tests performed at RCGEB
Price (МКД)
HPV PCR (detection and genotypization)
3300
Literature:
1. Zur Hausen H. Papillomavirus infections: a major cause of human cancers. In: Zur Hausen H, editor. Infections causing human cancer.
Weinheim: Wiley–VCH, 2006:145–243.
2. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/hpv.html
3. Munoz N, Castellsague X, de Gonzalez AB, Gissmann L. Chapter 1: HPV in the etiology of human cancer. Vaccine. 2006; 24(suppl 3):S3/1–10.
4. Dictor M, Warenholt J. Single-tube multiplex PCR using type-specific E6/E7 primers and capillary electrophoresis genotypes 21 human
papillomaviruses in neoplasia. Infect Agent Cancer. 2011; 6:1 doi: 10.1186/1750-9378-6-1
RCGEB, 2013