Transcript The Immune System day Day 2

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Benchmark(s)
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Students will…
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SC.912.L.14.52 Explain the basic
functions of the human immune
system, including specific and
nonspecific immune response,
vaccines, and antibiotics. (AA)
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Identify and/or explain the basic
functions of the human immune
system, including specific and
nonspecific immune responses.
Describe how the human immune
system responds to vaccines and/or
antibiotics.
Explain the significance of genetic
factors, environmental factors, and
pathogenic agents to health from
the perspective of both individual
and public health.
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SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of
genetic factors, environmental factors, and
pathogenic agents to health from the
perspectives of both individual and public
health.
HE.912.C.1.4 Analyze how heredity and
family history can impact personal health.
HE.912.C.1.8 Analyze strategies for
prevention, detection, and treatment of
communicable and chronic diseases.
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Your body has several lines of defense
against disease. Explain your body’s
mechanisms for keeping you healthy.
(include nonspecific and specific response)
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Smallpox was once found throughout the world.
Caused illness and death wherever it occurred.
Smallpox spreads easily from one person to
another.
People were once vaccinated against this disease.
The United States stopped giving the smallpox
vaccine in 1972.
In 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO)
recommended that all countries stop vaccinating
for smallpox.
The vaccine is no longer given to the general
public because the virus has been wiped out. Or
has it?
In ordinary type smallpox the bumps are filled with a thick,
opaque fluid and often have a depression or dimple in the center.
More than 200 years
ago, the English
physician Edward
Jenner wondered if it
might be possible to
produce immunity
against smallpox.
 Jenner knew that people
who had been affected
by a mild disease called
cowpox developed an
immunity to smallpox.
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Jenner took fluid from one
of the sores of a cowpox
patient and put the fluid into
a small cut that he made on
the arm of a young farm boy
named Jamie Phillips.
 Two months later, he
injected Jamie with fluid
from a smallpox infection
and …
 The rest is history.
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The injection of a weakened form of a pathogen to
produce immunity is known as vaccination.
Today, more than 20 serious human diseases can
be prevented by vaccination.
Modern vaccines stimulate the immune system to
create millions of plasma cells ready to produce a
specific types of antibodies.
The type of immunity produced by the body’s
reaction to a vaccine is known as active immunity.
 May develop as a result of natural exposure to an
antigen or from deliberate exposure to the antigen.
If antibodies produced by other animals against a
pathogen are injected into the bloodstream, the
antibodies produced a passive immunity against the
pathogen.
 Passive immunity lasts only a short time because
eventually the body destroys the foreign antibodies.
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 Natural passive immunity occurs when antibodies produced
by the mother are passed to the offspring during
development or in early infancy through breast milk.
 Deliberate passive immunity occurs when travelers to certain
regions of the world are given vaccines before leaving home.
Because prevention is not
always possible, drugs have
been developed for the use
against some types of
pathogens.
 Antibiotics are compounds
that kill bacteria without
harming the cells of the
human or animal host and
work by interfering with the
cellular processes of
microorganisms.
 Antibiotics have no effect on
viruses.
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Is a bacterium responsible for several difficultto-treat infections in humans.
MRSA is any strain that has evolved resistance
to antibiotics, which include the penicillins
(methicillin, dicloxacillin, ampicillin, oxacillin,
etc.)
Resistance does make MRSA infection more
difficult to treat thus more dangerous.
MRSA is especially troublesome in hospitals and
nursing homes, where patients with open
wounds, invasive devices, and weakened
immune systems are at greater risk of infection
than the general public.
A ruptured MRSA abscess
Mueller Hinton agar
showing MRSA
resistant to oxacillin
Infectious Situation
Bacteria and pathogen on
skin surface
Pathogens in nose, mouth,
or eyes
Pathogens in digestive tract
Pathogens in burn or cut
Influenza virus enters body
for second time
Chickenpox virus enters
body for second time
Measles virus enters body
soon after measles vaccine
Rabies pathogens enter
body from rabid dog bite
Body’s Line of Defense
Skin cells with no gaps or cuts keep out
pathogens. Sweat acids kill bacteria.
Pathogens shed with old skin.
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Your body has several lines of defense against
disease. Explain your body’s mechanisms for
keeping you healthy.
(include nonspecific and specific response)
Which of the following statements best describes the relationships among possible
environmental influences, the p53 gene, and cancer?
A. Environmental influences can lead to mutations in the p53 gene, which can cause certain
cancers.
B. Increased levels of p53 protein, rather than environmental influences, can cause certain
cancers.
C. Mutations in the p53 gene increase environmental influences that can cause
certain cancers.
D. Genes such as p53 are less causal than environmental influences in stimulating certain
cancers.