Transcript FULL_COURSE_GCSE_PE_REVISION_POWERPOINT_2_

GCSE PHYSICAL
EDUCATION
REVISION
Class of 2009
Section A
Training and Exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Reasons for taking part in physical activity.
Health, Fitness and performance.
Skill related fitness.
Principles of Training.
Methods of Training.
Section B
Safety and Risk Assessment in Sport:
1. Prevention of Injury
2. Sports Injuries
Section C: Anatomy and physiology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Circulatory System.
Respiratory System.
Bones
Joints, Tendons, Ligaments.
Muscles and Muscle Action.
Reasons for taking part in physical activity.
Reasons why take part in sport
1. Physical
2. Social
3. Psychological
Hints and Tips:
In the exam you will need to be able to relate the
reasons for taking part in certain sports /
activities to a certain reason.
Make sure you can adapt the reason you have
learnt for different types of people.
E.g. Saturday football team = social / personal
Different assets for different
sports
There are many different factors that affect
participation and performance. Examples
 Body build
 Speed
 Endurance
 Strength
 Power
Hints and Tips
There are six skill related fitness factors:
 Agility
 Balance
 Co-ordination
 Power
 Reaction time
 Speed
THINK OF DIFFERENT SPORTS AND IN WHAT
ORDER THESE WOULD BE IMPORTANT.
Health, exercise, fitness and
performance
Definitions:
You need to know the definitions
Health
Health is a state of complete mental,
physical and social well-being not simply
the absence of disease or infirmity.
Exercise
Exercise is a form of physical activity
done primarily to improve one’s health
and physical fitness.
Fitness
Fitness is the ability to meet the
demands of the environment.
Performance
Performance is how well the task is
completed.
Diet and Sport
Consider different dietary requirements
for different sports.
Examples: Shot putter v Gymnast v Long
distance runner.
Diet
Seven factors of a balanced diet.
1. Carbohydrates
Make sure
2. Fats
you know
3. Proteins
what we need
each one for
4. Vitamins
to aid
5. Minerals
performance.
6. Water
7. Fibre
Body composition
Body composition is defined as ‘ the
percentage of body weight which is fat,
muscle and bone’
Somatotypes
This is the technical name for body
type, also referred to as body build or
Physique.
Scoring body types
Measurements are taken and a score is
given out of seven.
# Endomorph (fat score)
# Mesomorph (muscle score)
# Ectomorph (thinness score)
Hints and Tips: Make sure you can explain
different types of somatotypes to different
sports and how this affects performance.
The Principles of Training
Consider individual needs
 Specificity
 Overload
 Progression
 Reversibility
 Tedium

FITT Principle
Frequency
Intensity
Time
Type
Methods of training
Interval training – periods of work followed
by periods of rest. High intensity – good for
anaerobic work.
 Continuous training – working continuously at
moderate to slow speed.
 Fartlek – (speedplay) Running at various
speeds over varying distances and terrain.
 Circuit – variety of exercises in a circuit.

Muscular strength and muscular
endurance
Muscular strength is the ability of the
muscles to exert force, or the amount
of force required to produce a single
maximum effort. E.g. Weight lifting
 Muscular endurance is the ability to
use the voluntary muscles many times
without getting tired.

Section B:
Safety and Risk Assessment in Sport
1.
2.
Prevention of Injury.
Sports Injuries
Risk and safety aspects associated with
taking part in sport
Injuries happen in sport happen, but can
be reduced through:
 Obeying the rules
 Correct clothing and equipment
 Balanced competition
 Warming Up and cooling down
Sports Injuries
Injuries to joints:
 twisted ankle joints
 dislocations
 torn cartilage
 overuse injuries – tennis elbow, golf elbow
Hints and Tips: Make sure you can recognise
the signs and symptoms of these types of
injuries.
Skin damage
Cuts
 Grazes
 Blisters
 Bruises

RICE
R – Rest
 I – Ice
 C – Compression
 E - Elevate

Hypothermia, Dehydration,
Unconsciousness, Concussion.





Hypothermia – body temp falls below 35 c
Dehydration – occurs during long duration or
extreme heat conditions. Recognised by tiredness,
nausea and dizziness.
Unconsciousness – caused by reduced supply of
blood, heart attack, stroke, shock, hypothermia,
epilepsy, suffocation or drowning
Causes – blows to the head or the jaw.
Concussion – occurs normally when there is a blow
to the head, maybe become unconscious, cold and
have a high pulse rate.
Section C: Anatomy and physiology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Circulatory system
Respiratory System
Bones
Joints Tendons Ligaments
Muscles and Muscle Action
The Heart
The components of the heart.
 The Blood Vessels
 The pathway of the Blood

The parts of the Heart
REMEMBER L O R D = Left Oxygenated Right Deoxygenated
RIGHT
Vena Cava
LEFT
Aorta
Pulmonary
Artery
Semi Lunar
Valve
Pulmonary
Veins
Right
Atrium
Left
Atrium
Bicuspid
Valve
Right
Ventricle
Left
Ventricle
Vena Cava
Semi Lunar
Valve
Blood Vessels
Capillaries = Smallest of all vessels.
Arteries = Oxygenated Blood, thick elastic
walls, small Lumen.
Veins = Deoxygenated Blood, Valves,
large Lumen.
Where the blood goes
Blood is pumped away from the heart by 2
routes.
# one route to the lungs
# the other to the working muscles (body)
Hints and Tips: Learn the anatomy of the
heart – atrium, ventricles, valves and blood
direction.
The Pulmonary system = To the lungs
De-oxygenated blood:
right atrium – through the vena cava –
tricuspid valve – right ventricle – into
pulmonary system – lungs – back to the
heart as oxygenated blood.
The systemic system = to the
Heart
Oxygenated Blood:
Left atrium – oxygenated blood – bicuspid
valve – left ventricle – semi lunar valve – out
of aorta – to working body.
Hints and Tips: If its going away from the
heart, it starts with an A.
If its going to the heart it starts with a V.
Stroke volume
The amount of blood pumped by the
heart with each beat
(EACH STROKE OF THE HEART)
As you get fitter your Stroke Volume
Increases.
Cardiac Output
the amount of blood pumped by the heart
each minute
CO = HR x SV
As you get fitter your Cardiac Output Increases.
Heart Rate
Heart rate – the number of times the
heart beats PER MINUTE
The fitter you get the lower your resting
Pulse. Also your recovery rate decreases.
Tests for cardiovascular fitness
Multi stage fitness test (Bleep test)
 Cooper 12 minute run test
 Harvard step test

Hints and Tips: Know what resting HR,
working HR and recovery rates mean.
Respiratory fitness
Breathing
 Passage of air
 Alveoli
 Gaseous exchange
 Respiration and Sport

Passage of air
Through the nose which filters and
warms the air.
 Trachea – bronchus – bronchioles alveoli

Alveoli and gaseous exchange

Alveoli – contact with capillaries –
oxygen delivered to working muscles –
carbon dioxide taken out.
Hints and Tips: Understand and explain
gaseous exchange and relate it to
sporting situations.
The effects of exercise
faster heart rate
 quicker and deeper breathing
 rise in body temperature
 sweating
 muscle ache

Hints and Tips: explain why these happen and
link these effects to the respiratory system.
Exercise – Aerobic and
Anaerobic exercise
Both systems improve with training.
 Aerobic improvements in endurance.
 Anaerobic improvements in events
requiring short bursts of energy.

Bones
Types of bones according to their
function
 Bones of the vertebrae

The Four Functions Of The
Skeleton
1. Support
2. Protection
3. Movement
4. Shape
The Types Of Bones
Long Bones:
Humerus,
Femur, Tibia,
Metacarpals,
Metatarsals etc.
Short Bones:
Tarsals,
Carpals, etc.
Flat Bones:
Cranium (skull),
Pelvis, Scapula,
Ribs etc.
Irregular Bones:
Vertebrae ,
facial bones.
The vertebral Column / Spine
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
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m
Try to
remember:
Call
The
This is where the
ribs are attached.
Ladies
Something
Clever
mmm
Joints
A joint is where two or more bones
meet.
 Different types of joints
 Synovial joints
 Movement possibilities
Synovial joints
Ball and Socket
Hinge
Gliding
Condyloid
Pivot
Types of joint movement
Extension = Opening a joint
 Flexion = Closing a joint
 Adduction = Moving towards an
imaginary centre line
 Abduction = Moving away from an
imaginary centre line
 Rotation = Turning a limb clockwise or
anti-clockwise.

Learn these and relate them to actual actions
Ligaments
Ligaments = Bone to Bone
Tendons
Voluntary Muscles are attached
to the bones by Tendons
Muscles
3 Types of Muscles
 Voluntary
 Involuntary
 Cardiac
Muscle fibres
Fast twitch (work quickly but also tire
quickly)
 Slow twitch( rich in oxygen, work for long
periods)

Hints and Tips:
Hypertrophy - when muscles get bigger
Atrophy - when muscles get smaller.
Muscles
You have to locate the following:
 Deltoids
 Pectoralis major
 Biceps
 Abdominals
 Quadriceps
 Trapezius
 Triceps
 Latissimus Dorsi
 Gluteus Maximus
 Hamstrings
 Gastrocnemius
How Muscles Work
Muscle can only create movement in ONE direction
e.g. the bicep contracts and causes flexion (the
muscle becomes shorter) This is called the Agonist.
Bicep
Flexion
This means that at every
joint there has to be
TWO muscles so that
they can move in TWO
directions. The second is
called the Antagonist.
Types of Muscle Contraction
Two Types of Contraction:
Isometric –
NO MOVEMENT, the muscle stays the
same length. Give an example of an action that causes
isometric contraction, and name the muscle.
Isotonic –
Muscle changes Length, Eccentric when it
gets longer and Concentric when it gets shorter.
Give an example and name the muscles.