Transcript The Immune System

Ch. 23 Circulation & Respiration
Section 1: The Cardiovascular System
Objectives:
• List four main parts of the cardiovascular
system, and describe their functions.
• Describe the two types of circulation of
blood in the body.
• List four cardiovascular problems.
Cardiovascular system components:
Heart
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Heart
4 Chambers:
right atria
left atria
right ventricle
left ventricle
valves-separate chambers
aorta – major artery
vena cava – major vein
pulmonary artery and vein
3 Types of Blood Vessels:
1. Artery
2. Capillary
3. Vein
Arteries
• Arteries Always carry blood Away from the heart
• Thick walls to support pressure from heart pumping
• Usually bright red due to highly oxygenated blood
• Aorta – major artery supplying body’s blood
• Coronary artery – supplies heart’s blood
• Carotid artery – supplies brain’s blood
• Pulmonary artery – supplies lung’s blood (low O2 –
darker)
Capillaries
• Smallest of all blood vessels – single file
• Where the diffusion of gases and other molecules
takes place (things entering and leaving your blood)
• No cell in your body is more than 3 or 4 cells away
from a capillary
Veins
• Always take blood towards the heart
• Thinner than arteries
• Darker color due to less oxygenated blood
• Vena Cava – major vein returning body’s blood
• Jugular vein – vein returning brain’s blood
• Pulmonary vein – returning lung’s blood (high O2 –
bright)
2 Types of Circulation (Blood Flow)
• Pulmonary Circulation – heart to lungs and back
• Systemic Circulation – heart to rest of body and back
Cardiovascular Problems
Atherosclerosis
• When cholesterol builds up in the walls of
blood vessels and restricts blood flow
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
• Stroke – when a blood vessel in the brain
becomes clogged or ruptures  part of the
brain receives no oxygen  brain cells die.
Cardiovascular Problems
Heart Attack / Heart Failure
• Heart attack - when heart muscle cells die and
part of the heart is damaged. Too many cells
dying could cause the heart to stop. (cardiac
arrest)
• Heart failure – not enough blood being
pumped to the body. Important organs may
suffer or stop working.
Section 2: Blood
Objectives:
• Identify the four main components of blood.
• Describe three functions of blood.
• Explain how blood pressure is measured.
• Explain what the ABO blood types are and
why they are important.
Blood
3 Functions:
• Transport  sends nutrients
and oxygen throughout your
body
55% Plasma –
mostly water
44% RBC
• Immunity  protects your
body against antigens
• Healing  clots to stop
bleeding after a cut or bruise
1% WBC and
platelets
Plasma
• Liquid
• Mostly water
• Functions:
– Transport
– Carries hormones and wastes
– Makes up 55% of the blood
Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)
• Most numerous
• Formed in the bone marrow
• Functions:
– Carries oxygen and nutrients to body
and waste back
– Filled with the protein hemoglobin,
which contains iron (makes your
blood red, like rust)
Platelets
• Small pieces of cells
from bone marrow
• Functions:
– Healing
– Collect around cuts
and produce fibrin
to make a net to
stop bleeding
White Blood Cells (leukocytes)
• Larger than RBC’s
• Immunity
• Functions:
– Fight off invading organisms (pathogens)
– Release antibodies to help identify pathogens
– Destroy damaged/infected cells
Body Temperature Regulation
• The brain signals blood vessels in your skin to
enlarge  excess heat is transferred from your
blood to your skin  body temperature decreases
Blood Pressure
• Every time your heart beats, it pushes blood out
of the heart and into your arteries.
• The force exerted by blood on the inside walls
of arteries is called blood pressure.
Blood Types
• Every person has one of four
blood types: A, B, AB, or O. Your
blood type refers to the type of
antigens you have on the surface
of your RBCs.
• Antigens – the markers that
identify what kind of blood you
have.
• Antibodies – the markers that
look for foreign blood types to
attack.
• Transfusion – replacing your blood with
someone else’s due to blood loss during
surgery or an injury.
Blood
Type
Can receive
Can donate to
A
A, O
A, AB
B
B, O
B, AB
AB
all
AB only
O
O
all
Section 3: The Lymphatic System
Objectives:
• Describe the relationship between the
lymphatic system and the circulatory
system.
• Identify six parts of the lymphatic system,
and describe their functions.
Lymphatic System
• Like another circulatory system
• Group of tissues and organs that
collects excess fluid and returns it
to your blood
• Helps fight pathogens
• Lymph capillaries – absorb fluid and
small particles (dead cells/pathogens)
near cells
• Lymphatic vessels carry this lymph
back towards your neck where it drains
into veins of the cardiovascular system
Other Parts of the Lymphatic System
• Bone Marrow – where most red and
white blood cells are produced
• Lymph nodes – small bean shaped
masses of tissue that remove pathogens
and dead cells from the lymph
– Lymphocytes are types of WBC’s
that fill lymph nodes and attack
pathogens
• Lymph nodes get swollen when you
have an infection. Why???
• Thymus – gland that makes T cells
ready to fight
• Spleen – soft and spongy organ
that
– produces lymphocytes
– recycles old/damaged RBC’s
• Tonsils – tissue that stores WBC’s
and fights infections
Section 4: The Respiratory System
Objectives:
• Describe the parts of respiratory system and
their functions.
• Explain how breathing happens.
• Discuss the relationship between the
respiratory system and the cardiovascular
system.
• Identify two respiratory disorders.
Respiration vs. Breathing
• Breathing and respiration are not the same
thing. Breathing is only one part of respiration.
• Respiration = breathing + cellular respiration
• Breathing - inhaling and exhaling
• Cellular respiration involves chemical reactions
that release energy from food.
The Respiratory System
• Consists of the group of organs that take in
oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide:
–
–
–
–
Nose
Throat (pharynx)
Lungs
Passageways that lead to the lungs
• Nose  pharynx  larynx  trachea 
bronchi  bronchioles  alveoli  lungs
vocal cords
pharynx
(throat)
trachea
(windpipe)
lung
larynx
bronchus
bronchiole
diaphragm
alveoli
Gas Exchange
Breathing
diaphragm
Respiratory Disorders
• Asthma-causes the bronchioles to
narrow; causes difficulty breathing;
an asthma attack may be set off by
irritants like dust or pollen
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome
(SARS) – caused by a virus; may
cause fever and difficulty breathing
• Emphysema-caused by damaged
alveoli