Transcript Chapter 5 Operating Systems Part 1

PC Support & Repair
Chapter 5
Operating Systems Part 1
Objectives
• After completing this chapter, you will meet these
objectives:
▫ Explain the purpose of an operating system.
▫ Describe and compare operating systems to include
purpose, limitations, and compatibilities.
▫ Determine the operating system based on customer
needs.
▫ Install and upgrade an operating system.
▫ Understand & describe the boot process.
Basic Terms to Describe an OS
• OS provides interface between user, application &
hardware
• All modern OS’s have all of these capabilities
Purpose of OS: 4 Basic Functions
Purpose of OS: Hardware Access
• Interaction between hardware & application
• Device driver handles this
▫ Program from hardware manufacturer
• PnP auto detects hardware & installs driver
▫ OS then configures the device
▫ Updates the registry
5
What is the term for the ability of a computer to run multiple
applications at the same time?
multiuser
multitasking
multimedia
multiprocessing
Purpose of OS: File & Folder Management
• Folders (directories), subfolders (sub-directories),
Files
Purpose of OS: User Interface
IPCONFIG
• How you interact with OS/software
• GUI (graphical user interface)
• CLI (command line interface)
Purpose of OS: Application Management
• Click an icon, OS locates program, loads into RAM
• OS makes sure the application has system resources
• An Application Programming Interface (API) is a set of
guidelines used by programmers to ensure that the
application they are developing is compatible with an OS.
▫ Open Graphics Library (OpenGL) – Cross-platform standard
specification for multimedia graphics
▫ DirectX – Collection of APIs related to multimedia tasks for
Microsoft Windows
▫ Windows API- Allows old Windows software to work in
newer Windows
▫ Java API- related to Java programming
Review
• You are creating a new web design software. What
guidelines do you need to follow to ensure it will work on
an OS?
▫ API
• DOS has what kind of interface?
▫ CLI
• Windows has what kind of interface?
▫ GUI
• What are the 4 basic functions of an OS?
▫ Hardware access, manage files/folders, user interface,
manage applications
What are two functions of an operating system? (Choose two.)
controlling hardware access​
managing application​s
text processing​
flow chart editing​
program compilation
web browsing​
controlling the BIOS
OS Terms & Concepts
• How an OS processes data; 32-bit & 64-bit OS
• 32-bit (x86) OS
▫ Can only access up to 4GB RAM
• 64-bit (x64) OS
▫ Can access more than 128GB RAM
▫ Data path is bigger, faster
▫ Need 64-bit program to take advantage of it
Types of OSs
• Desktop or Network
(NOS)
• Windows, Mac OS, Linux
▫ Linux is open-source
▫ Many different versions
of Windows & Mac OS
Network OS (NOS)
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Supports multiple users
Runs multi-user applications
Increased security
Network resources:
▫ Server applications/shared
databases
▫ Central file storage
▫ Centralized user acct
management
▫ Redundant storage
▫ Network printing
How much RAM can theoretically be addressed by a 64-bit operating system?
4 GB maximum
16 GB maximum
32 GB maximum
64 GB maximum
128 GB or more
Project
• 5.1.2.3
▫ Search NOC Certifications & Jobs
▫ Careerbuilder.com
▫ Search for
• Linux Network Administrator
• Windows Networking Administrator
• Novell Network Administrator
Pick the Right OS
• What applications is the customer
using?
▫ Will the OS be compatible?
• Is it compatible with the existing
hardware?
• If you are sharing files, try and get
same OS as other computers
▫ Make sure all is compatible
• Consider costs, too
Check Minimum Requirements
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RAM
Hard disk drive
CPU
Video adapter card
• May need to upgrade some
• Make sure you have more than minimum
Microsoft Compatibility Center
• Verifies your hardware is compatible with the OS
▫ Vista/7- Compatibility Center or Logo’d Products
▫ 7- Upgrade Advisor
▫ XP- Hardware Compatibility List
OS Requirement Examples
OS Upgrades
• Helps remain compatible with newer hardware
• Check requirement before upgrading
▫ Use Upgrade Advisor fro Microsoft
OS Upgrades
• Usually faster than new install
• 32-bit must stay at 32-bit/64 to 64
• May not be able to upgrade to latest
▫ XP  Vista= YES
▫ XP  Win 8= NO
• BACK UP DATA FIRST!
User Data after Upgrade
• 3 tools to transfer data
▫ User State Migration Tool (USMT)
 User files and settings
 Download from Microsoft
▫ Windows Easy Transfer
 Transfers files and settings
 USB, CD/DVD, flash drive, external drive, network
▫ File & Settings Transfer Wizard (XP)
Project
• Lab 5.1.4.4
▫ Data Migration in Windows 7
▫ ONLY TRANSFER PICTURES FOLDER
Review- Q
• Before you install a new OS, you should check if your
hardware will work with it. What should you
reference?
▫ Windows Compatibility Center
• Windows & Mac are versions of what types of OS
that are designed for a single user?
▫ Desktop OS
Clean Install
• When passing on computer to another user
• When OS is corrupt
• When replacing hard drive
• Install from CD/DVD is most common
▫ Must set BIOS to boot from optical drive
• During install, you can partition/format a hard drive
▫ This process prepares a file system in a partition for
files to be stored
Partition Types
• One physical drive can be divided into 4 partitions
• Primary Partition
▫ Can be bootable
▫ OS must be on a primary partition
• Active Partition
▫ Only 1 primary partition can be active
▫ Contains the boot files
• How many partitions can there be per HD?
▫4
• How many active partitions can there be at a time?
▫1
• What partition contains the OS?
▫ Primary
Partition Types
• There is a way to get more than 4 partitions per drive
• Extended Partition
▫ These are not bootable
▫ Only 1 extended partition per hard drive
▫ Extended can be broken up further into LOGICAL
PARTITIONS
 Can be split up to 24 more
Format for a File Type
• NTFS
▫ Use most of the time
▫ Supports partitions up to 16 exabytes (LARGER Files
▫ More security Features (encryption & compression)
• FAT32
▫ Generally can be used in XP & earlier
▫ Supports partitions up to 2TB
Convert to NTFS
• Backup data
• Reformat partition
• Restore data from
backup
• In Command Prompt,
use the CONVERT.EXE
utility:
▫ convert c: /fs:ntfs
Parts of the Hard Drive
• Sector
▫ Small section
• Cluster
▫ One or more sectors
• Track
▫ One complete circle of
data on one side of a
hard drive platter
▫ A track is broken into
groups of sectors
A technician needs to upgrade the file system on a Windows XP
computer from FAT32 to NTFS without losing user data. Which
course of action should be taken to upgrade the file system to
NTFS?
Reformat all of the existing partitions and use the NTFS file
system.
Reinstall Windows XP and to format the drive choose NTFS when
prompted .
Run the CONVERT.EXE utility to convert the file system to NTFS.
Use the Disk Management utility to convert the drive from Basic to
Dynamic, which changes the file system to NTFS automatically.
Review- Q
• What is a complete circle of data on a HD?
▫ Track
• How many partitions can there be per HD?
▫ 4
• How many active partitions can there be at a time?
▫ 1
• What partition contains the OS?
▫ Primary
• You partitioned the HD with an OS C:, and D: for data
only. What kind of partition is D:?
▫ Extended partition
Install Windows 7
• Install Now
• Repair Your Computer
• Click Install Now
▫ Upgrade
 Keeps files & settings
▫ Custom (advanced)
 Clean copy install where you want
 Change disks & partitions
▫ Quit
What are two advantages of the NTFS file system compared with
FAT32? (Choose two.)
NTFS allows faster access to external peripherals such as a USB
drive.
NTFS supports larger files.
NTFS provides more security features.
NTFS allows faster formatting of drives.
NTFS is easier to configure.
NTFS allows the automatic detection of bad sectors.
Install Windows 7
• During installation
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Language
Username & computer name
Admin password
Product key
Date & time
Network type (Home, Work, Public)
 Work uses a domain & is centrally controlled
Types of Accounts
• Administrator
▫ Created on first install
▫ Can make any changes to system
• Standard
▫ Has fewer permissions
• Guest
▫ Very limited permissions
• Control Panel >> User Accounts
Projects
• Install Windows 7 Lab
▫ FOLLOW DIRECTIONS INCLUDING THE USERNAME AND
PASSWORD!
• Check for Windows Updates Lab
Installing on Multiple Computers
Disk Cloning
• Create an image for
cloning
• Install OS, software, &
settings on one
computer
• Run Sysprep
• Create an image using
cloning software
• Copy image to a server
System Recovery
• Press & hold F8 on boot
• Select Safe Mode with Networking
• Advanced Boot Options…Repair Your Computer
▫ Startup Repair
 Scans to fix files missing so it can boot
▫ System Restore
 Restore to an earlier point
▫ System Image Recovery
 Creates a system image
▫ Command Prompt
Repair Options
• Just in case you don’t have the install media to help
get repair options
▫ Control Panel…Backup & Restore…Create a System
Repair Disc
▫ Control Panel…Backup & Restore…Create a System
Image (save it to HD, DVD, Network)
▫ Factory Recovery Partition
 Image from when PC was built
A Windows XP system is unable to boot properly. What is the procedure to use
to boot this system into Safe Mode?
From the command prompt run the shutdown -r -s command.
Run the MSCONFIG utility and choose the option Selective Startup.
Reboot the system and press Del or F2 depending on the system.
Reboot the system, press and hold F8 until a menu is displayed, and then
choose Safe Mode.
A technician has installed a new video driver on a Windows XP computer
and now the monitor shows distorted images. The technician needs to
install a different video driver that is available on a network server. What
startup mode should the technician use to access the driver on the
network?
Safe Mode
Safe Mode with Networking
Debugging Mode
Safe mode with Command Prompt
Project
• Create a Repair Disc
Review- Q
• What kind of install uses a master computer all set
up and then you “copy” it to all of your other
computers?
▫ Cloning or imaging
• In order to install an OS over the network, what must
be configured?
▫ NIC
Windows 7 Boot Sequence
1. Power On Self Test (POST)
▫ Turn on the computer (cold boot)
▫ The computer performs the POST
▫ Any errors will be beep-codes
2. BIOS locates & reads config settings in CMOS
▫ Finds what device to boot to
 This is where the OS is
3. BIOS reads the MBR
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MBR is on boot device (HD) in 1st active partition
Tells where OS is on disk & how to load it
If corrupt, nothing loads!!!
Windows 7 Boot Sequence
4. Windows Boot Manager starts (BOOTMGR)
▫ Determines which OS should start if have multiple
▫ Finds the boot partition
5. Loads NTOSKRNL.EXE & HAL.DLL
▫ HAL is translator between Windows & hardware
6. Reads registry files & device drivers are loaded
7. NTOSKRNL starts WINLOGON.EXE and displays the
login screen
Startup Modes
• Press F8 on boot for Advanced Startup Options
• Safe Mode
▫ Starts Windows with drivers for basic components, such as
the keyboard and display
• Safe Mode with Networking
▫ Starts Windows in Safe Mode with drivers for NIC
• Safe Mode with Command Prompt
▫ Starts Windows and loads the command prompt instead of
GUI
• Last Known Good Configuration
▫ Loads the configuration settings that were used the last
time that Windows started successfully
What would be the result of having a corrupt Master Boot Record?
A new application will fail to install.
The operating system will fail to start.
The printer will function incorrectly.
The keyboard will be unresponsive to the user.
The Registry
• Every setting is stored in the registry
• Begin with HKEY_
Changing the Configuration- Regedit
• Edits registry
• Start, Run, regedit
• BE CAREFUL!!!
▫ MAKE A BACKUP
1st
▫ No undo, saves
when exit
A technician has installed a new video driver on a Windows XP computer
and now the monitor shows distorted images. The technician needs to
install a different video driver that is available on a network server. What
startup mode should the technician use to access the driver on the
network?
Safe Mode
Safe Mode with Networking
Debugging Mode
Safe mode with Command Prompt
Project
• Make a Boot Order Process poster
• Backup the registry
Review- Q
Multiboot
• Windows Boot Manager (BOOTMGR) gives you a
menu if you have more than one OS
• Need more than 1 partition
• Install oldest OS first
• Edit BOOTMGR menu for order & time
▫ CMD as administrator, type bcdedit.exe
▫ Run EasyBCD (download)
Disk Management
• Extend, split partitions, assign drive letters
• Right-click on Computer, Manage
• Extend Partition
▫ Right-click, Extend Volume
• Split Partition
▫ Right-click, Shrink Volume
▫ Format the new space & assign letter
Project
• Lab 5.2.4.3
▫ Create a partition in Windows 7
▫ Make it FAT32
▫ Convert it to NTFS
File Locations
• User Files
▫ C:\Users\User_name\
• System Files
▫ C:\Windows\system32
• Fonts
▫ C:\Windows\Fonts
• Program Files
▫ 32-bit system: C:\Program Files
▫ 64-bit system: C:\Program Files & C:\Program Files
(x86)
Directories & Files
• File Rules:
▫ 255 characters max
▫ Can’t use a slash or a backslash
(/ \)
▫ File extension added to
filename
▫ Filenames are not case sensitive
• Unhide the file extensions
▫ Control Panel, Folder Options
Review- Q
• 1st thing when computer turns on?
▫ POST
• What do you think will happen if you get a
“BOOTMGR is missing” message?
▫ OS will not load
• What does BOOTMGR do?
▫ Menu of what OS to select
• What does MBR stand for?
▫ Master boot record
Review- Q
PC Support & Repair
Chapter 5
Operating Systems Part 1