Transcript The Reformation - Western Civilization II

The Protestant
Reformation
To Reform  to change
for the better
Started even prior to “official” start
of Reformation.
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John Wycliffe – (1328-1384)
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English theologian
Lollard movement
Secular Language Bibles / Council of Constance
Influenced Jan Huss – died of stroke
Jan Huss – (1369-1415)
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Bohemian priest
Reformer of the church’s policies
Crusades run by church against “Hussites”
De Eclessia – written in 1413
Burned at Stake in 1415
Word Protestant
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Word “Protestant” is first used for
dissenting German princes who met at the
Diet of Speyer in 1529
Protestant – “Protest”
Problems with the Church
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Conciliarism
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Marsilius of Padua  Defensor Pacis [Defender of the
Peace]
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Attacked papal authority
The Christian community is the sum of ALL its parts!
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Development of personal devotions  suspicion of
clergy
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Greed of secular leaders  1/3 of Europe  church
land
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Papal need for money  indulgences
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Printing Press
Indulgences
 Letter
of Forgiveness for
crimes/sins
 Ticket into heaven for yourself or
family members
A. Cultural
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Better educated, urban
populace was more
critical of the Church than
rural peasantry
Renaissance monarchs
were growing impatient
with the power of the
Church
Society was more
humanistic and secular
Growing individualism
England
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Notion of the
Renaissance Prince
Recent War of the
Roses created a
sense of political
instability for the
Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIII
The significance of
a male heir to the
Tudors
The Holy Roman Empire
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Decentralized politics
Pope successfully
challenged the monarch
here
New HRE, Charles V, is
young, politically insecure
and attempting to govern
a huge realm during the
critical years of Luther’s
protest
Charles V faced outside
attacks from France and
the Turks
Circumstances favor
Luther
Enter: MARTIN LUTHER
 German
Monk in Wittenberg, G.
 1517 A.D. – wrote 95 Thesis to
protest selling indulgences
 Nailed to door of Wittenberg
Church
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Luther troubled by the sale
of indulgences
Dominican friar Tetzel was
selling indulgences in
Wittenberg in 1517
Luther posts his 95 theses
on the door of the castle
church in Wittenberg on
October 31, 1517
Some of Luther’s complaints
Luther slowly but surely is
drawn into a heated debate
A. Germany (Northern)
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Pope pays little attention to the
Luther at first
Luther attacks the Pope and
his bull of excommunication
Luther had attempted
assassination at Diet of Worms
Luther goes into hiding in 1521
-- “A Mighty Fortress is our
God”
Constraints against the spread
of Luther’s ideas
The Peace of Augsburg
The Protestant Reformation
further divided Germany
The 95 Thesis
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Main Ideas:
1) Salvation can only be granted by
God, not the Church
2) The Bible speaks the word of God,
not the Pope
3) Everyone is equal, so Priests are
not more powerful
Background
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Luther’s early life
Luther’s sense of
unworthiness and his
fear of God
Luther’s understanding
of “passive
righteousness”
Luther’s confrontation
with the Church
Luther’s marriage to
Katherine von Bora
(2) Luther’s Teachings
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“Sola Fidei” (Salvation by
Faith Alone)
“Sola Scriptura” (Authority
of the Scriptures Alone)
--Luther’s German
Translation of the New
Testament
The Priesthood of All
Believers
All Vocations are pleasing
to God
Important Idea!
 Luther
was not trying to cause
problems, he was trying to solve
them
 However, he causes the Peasant
Revolt in the HRE – 1524
The War of the Roses
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1444-1485
Dynastic fight after fall of Plantagenet's
House of York v. House of Lancaster over
who should be king of England.
York wins early battles in 1450’s and crown
under Edward IV.
After most surviving Lancaster
descendents died, minor claimant Henry VII
challenges after death of Edward VII and
wins.
Sets up Tudor dynasty – son Henry VIII
The English Reformation
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Henry VIII’s marriage to
Catherine of Aragon
Henry seeks an
annulment
Henry creates the
Church of England and
establishes his own
supremacy over it
A “political reformation”
only at first
The six wives of Henry
VIII
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The brief reign of Edward VI
The rule of “Bloody” Mary
Return of the Marian exiles to
England from Geneva
-- “Puritans”
Queen Elizabeth I and the
“Via Media”
Star Chamber / Oath of
Allegiance
The attack of the Spanish
Armada in 1588
-- Philip II – Mr. Inquisition
-- “The Protestant Wind”
C. Switzerland
Zurich
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Very urban, cosmopolitan
setting
Reformer Ulrich Zwingli
and his Old Testament
persona
“Memorialist” view of the
Mass
Zwingli also opposed
purgatory, clerical celibacy,
intercession of the saints,
and salvation by works
The death of Zwingli
Geneva
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John Calvin’s leadership in
Geneva from 1541-1564
Geneva became the model
Protestant training center
Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to God’s law
A “Quasi-theocracy”
Predestination
Self-discipline and the
“Protestant Work Ethic”
Background
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More of a scholar than
Luther
More of a systematic
thinker than Luther
Calvin’s Institutes (1536)
Early legal training
Clear-cut moral directives
for living
Relied on Scripture and
Augustine primarily for his
ideas
Teaching
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Predestination
The right of rebellion
--English Civil War
More of a stress on works
than Luther
Divine calling to all sorts of
vocations
The “invisibility” of the True
Church
Government serves the
Church
--Michael Servetus
Just war position
Calvin’s positions on
communion and baptism
Scotland
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John Knox started in Scottish reform
movement
Eventually moved to Switzerland and
learned from Calvin.
Brought that to Scotland – started them
down the path to Scottish Reformation and
Presbyterianism – a mix of Calvinism and
Enlightenment.
Other Parts of Western Europe
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No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italy
Protestantism succeeded
only where it was urban
and supported initially by
the nobility
After 1540, no new
Protestant territories
outside of the Netherlands
Most powerful European
nations were Catholic
Protestants were feuding
with each other
C. Radical Reformers
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Desire to return to the
primitive, first-century
Church
High standard of morality
valued and pursued
Bitterly persecuted by both
Catholics and other
Protestants
The descendants of the
“Anabaptists”
Ardent missionaries who
were harassed for their zeal
(2) Teaching
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Free will—all can be saved
Adult, “believer” baptism
Social and economic
equality
Pacifism
Separation of Church and
State
Unity of the “visible” and
“invisible” Church
Stressed role of the Holy
Spirit in the life of the
believer— “inner light”
Simplicity of life and
millenarianism—living in the
last days
Puritans!
V. The Counter-Reformation:
The Catholic Response
Ingredients
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Reformation shaped
the form and
rapidity of the
Catholic response
Council of Trent
(1545-1563)
The Society of
Jesus (“Jesuits”)—
1534
--Ignatius Loyola
The Inquisition
The Index
Renewed religious
emotionalism
--Baroque Art
Religious warfare
and a new Bible
VI. Results of the Reformation
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Germany was politically
weakened and fragmented
Christian Church was
splintered in the West
100 Years of Religious
Warfare
Right of Rebellion introduced
by both Jesuits and
Calvinists
Pope’s power increased
Furthered societal
individualism and secularism
Growing doubt and religious
skepticism
VI. Results of Reformation (cont)
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Political stability valued
over religious truth
Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolution
Witch craze swept Europe
in the 1600’s
--Between 1561-1670,
3000 people in Germany,
9000 people in
Switzerland and 1000
people in England were
executed as witches
Possible reasons for this
witchcraft craze
Wars of Religion
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During this time period – governments
began to use religion as a way to gain
power.
Key Wars
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German Peasants War (1525)
Schmalkaldic League (1547)
Eighty Years War of the Low Countries (15681648)
French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
Thirty Years War (
War of the Three Kingdom – England, Scotland,
Ireland. (1639 – 1651)
The Holy Roman Empire
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German Peasant Wars (1525) – response
to Luther
Schmalkaldic War (1546-47) –
Schmalkaldic League: Lutheran princes
revolt. Charles V wins, but is forced to sign
Peace of Augsburg later.
Eighty Years War of the Low Countries –
Dutch revolts against Catholic Spain –
protestants mad at Philip II and Hapsburg
rule.
Constant Guerilla War against Spain led to
independence – killed banking cash cow…
Thirty Years War
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The religious “war to end all wars”
Not entirely religious – very much secular.
H.R.E. a fragmented religious state –
division of power b/c of inheritance
League of Evangelical Union 1608
Catholic League in 1609
Dutch Revolt continues in 1612
Maximillion of Bavaria rejected by nobles
Defenestration of Prague
Phases of the War
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1. Bohemian Period: 1618-25: Bohemia
rebelled against Catholic H.R.E. – included
Ottomans supporting Protestants
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Spanish come in to help Catholics and push back
protestants – crushed and Frederick V resigns
2. Danish Period: (1625-29): Danes invade
to protect holdings – lost early support and
lost to Frederick II – Catholic win again.
Phases of War
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3. Swedish Intervention: 1630-35: Baron
Wallenstein (Bohemia) v. Gustavus
Adolphus (Sweden)
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Swedes bring “New Model Army” concept, win ½
of empire back.
Adolphus killed in battle – Swedes sign treaty
4. French Intervention: 1635-48:
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French unhappy with results – enter war
War now secular – Catholic France against
Catholic Hapsburgs – Protestants “win”
Consequences
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Peace of Westphalia
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Redrew boundaries of Europe
Established that religion was not parallel: secular
leaders and religious leaders now separate
Netherlands / Switzerland made independent
Changed nature of war in Europe
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Mercenary soldiers out of vogue b/c of
destruction
National armies formed
Hapsburgs lose power they never gain back.
Other Consequences
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Armies made money by pillaging b/c of
nature of mercenaries
Population wiped out in Germany –
upwards of 25%-40%.
Destruction of property and value
Epidemic conditions raged around Saxony
and Bohemia
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France
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King Francis I was initially
sympathetic to Luther as
long as his ideas stayed in
Germany
Protestantism made illegal
in France in 1534
Persecution of the
Huguenots
Politically a fight between
the Bourbons (Huguenots)
and Guises (Catholics)
Massacre of Vassey –
1562
Catholic League
The French Wars of Religion
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St. Bartholomew’s Day
Massacre
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Charles IX
Catherine de Medici –
Queen Mother
Henry of Navarre (Bourbon)
to marry Margaret of Valois
(Guise)
Admiral de Coligny
assasinated
Parisians riot
King Henry – Edict of
Nantes (1598)
War of the Three Kingdoms
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England always had a complex relationship
with Wales, Ireland, and Scotland
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Robert the Bruce (Scotland)
Treaty of Perpetual Peace (Scotland)
Marcher Lords (Wales)
“King of Ireland” – Henry VIII
England = Protestant / Scotland = Catholic
and Presbyterian / Ireland = Hyper –
Catholic
Mary Queen of Scots – executed by Eliz. I
How it started?
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The Tudors had been declared King in
Ireland and Elizabeth and Mary kept trying
to pacify them.
Took away land, took away titles,
encouraged colonies in Ulster
In 1603 when Elizabeth I died, power
transferred to James I (Stuart) of Scotland
– first time one king owned all three
territories.
The Stuarts Failed “hopes”
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1605 – Gunpowder Plot – Guy Fawkes =
no more Catholics in gov’t.
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Remember, Remember the 5th of November
James I was outwardly protestant and
gained more control over Scotland with
Bishops, liturgical changes.
His son, Charles I, crowned in 1639.
Catholic Issues…
30 Years War – Parliament upset – New
Parliament –
Peition of Right
English Civil War
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Sought campaign to unite Scotland and
England – Parliament Refused / Irish
Catholic army to be raised
Charles dissolves “short Parliament”
Charles can’t win – needs money – “Long
Parliament’ – failure to capture “the five”
Cavaliers and Roundheads
New Model Army
Oliver Cromwell – King executed in 1649
Oliver Cromwell and the Lord
Protector
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1653 - Cromwell declares himself “Lord
Protector” and makes himself as a dictator
“No Fun” hyper protestant England – Rump
Parliament
Cromwell invades Scotland and Ireland.
Irish / English conflict lead to appx. 30% of
Irish population dying.
Cromwell dies – son takes over – not well.
The Restoration – 1660 – Charles II comes
back.
Final Resolution
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English never resolved religious issues –
kept going to James II who was Catholic
and allowed religious toleration.
Son James born and it looked like a long
term English Catholic monarchy
In 1688 – William of Orange and Mary
Stuart invaded and was invited by the
Parliament to take over.
James defeated in one battle and left.
Glorious Revolution
English Bill of Rights / Constitutional
Monarchy
In the End…
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July 1706 – Act of Union