Transcript The Reformation

The Reformation
Counter Reformation
Religious and Political
Crisis in North and Central Europe
1517-1555
Did the actions of Martin Luther create positive or
negative change?
Was life “improved”?
How does this religious reformation appear in
other regions?
The Protestant Reformation
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Italian Renaissance humanism
Christian humanist, Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)
In Praise of Folly
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Martin Luther
Justification by faith alone
Ninety-five Theses, 1517
Three pamphlets, 1520
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Excommunication, 1521
Edict of Worms
Peasants’ War, 1524-1525
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1556)
Wars
Peace of Augsburg, 1555
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Thirty Years Wars
Changing role of the Catholic Church
Pope Leo X (r. 1513-1521)
Abuses in the rituals and practices of
the church such as training average priests
and appointing relatives to church positions
Celibacy of the priests
Worldliness of the church and church officials
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Bishops, Archbishops, Priests owning a great deal of property and acting
very wealthy including having affairs outside of the church.
Practice of Simony
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Paying for a church office (buying your office)
Lay investiture
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appointment of church offices by rulers instead of church officials.
Heresy –
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Speaking out against the doctrine of the church. (Inquistions throughout
Europe)
Indulgences
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Payment for sin
Good deeds, property and often during this period simply gold or silver
(visit to a cemetery considered good deed)
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Educated and trained
as a Catholic
theologian
His “95 Theses” and
the challenge on
indulgences
Development of his
thinking leads to
excommunication
(1520)
Background to the Reformation
Ongoing abuses within the Church
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The “training” of average priests
The privileges of church leaders
Pluralism
Nepotism
General worldliness
Literacy and print culture
Political changes
Europe in the Reign of Charles V
Luther’s Thinking Develops and
ideas spread after 1517
Three Significant Pamphlets (1520)
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Address to the Christian Nobility of the
German Nation
The Babylonian Captivity of the Church
Freedom of a Christian
Two Major Doctrinal Innovations
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Sola Fide (By Faith Alone)
Sola Scriptura (Scripture Only)
The Role of Print Culture in
Spreading Luther’s Thought
Luther at the Diet of Worms (1521): “I cannot and I will not
recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right
nor safe. Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise.”
Luther Seeks Refuge with Duke
Frederick of Saxony
German princes harbor
Luther as challenge to
papal role in politics
Charles V unable to
respond initially due to
other concerns
Luther translates
Bible into German
Jean Calvin (1509-1564)
Catholic priest who
converts in 1534 and flees
to Geneva
Brief time in Strasbourg
with Martin Bucer
Institutes of the Christian
Religion (1536):
Predestination
Return to Geneva, the
center of Reform in late16th century
Ulrich Zwingli
(1484-1531)
Based in Zurich
Scripture as the only
authority
Non-sacramental
liturgy(They’re
Symbols)
Marburg Colloquy
(1529) dispute with
Luther
Dies in Battle during
Swiss civil war
Anabaptists:
Radical
Reformers
“Re-baptizers”: Bible a
blueprint for society
Conrad Grebel & the Swiss
Brethren -- Schleitheim
Confession (1527)
Thomas Muentzer claims
Luther sold out
Muenster Experiment in
1534-35
Menno Simons advocates
pacifism (Mennonites)
Based in Zurich
Scripture as the only
authority
Non-sacramental
liturgy(They’re Symbols)
Marburg Colloquy (1529)
dispute with Luther
Dies in Battle during Swiss
civil war
The Catholic Reformation
Charles V tries negotiation, then force
 Schmalkaldic League: Protestant princes
come together to defend themselves
Defeated in 1547 at Mühlberg
Peace of Augsburg (1555): Cuius regio, eius
religio.
“Reform in the bones”: New Foundations
 Capuchins
 Ursulines
 Jesuits: The shock troops of Catholic reform:
education and advisors to rulers
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Pope Paul III Recognizes
Ignatius of Loyola
Catholic
Propaganda
Against Luther
The Catholic Reformation
(“Reform in the Head”)
Initial response is to ignore
 Fifth Lateran Council (1513-1517): “Men
are to be changed by, not to change,
religion.”
Paul III (r. 1534-1549)
 Interesting blend of old and new
 Places reformers in the curia
 “Advice of the Reform of the Church”
(1537)
 Sets up Roman Inquisition (The Holy Office
in 1542)
 Calls Council of Trent (1545-1563)
The Council of Trent (1545-1563)
Reaffirmed Old Doctrines
 Authority in tradition AND Scripture
 Church seen as sole interpreter of Bible
 Salvation through faith AND works
 Affirmed distinction between laity and
priesthood
 Rejected predestination
Improved training of priests and required
bishops to spend time in their dioceses
Encouraged missionary zeal
Repressive measures as well: Inquisition and
“The Index”
Sorting Through the Doctrinal Differences
Sources of Salvation
Attitude towards Sacraments
Role of the Clergy
Relations between Church and State
Religions in Europe ca. 1560
Huguenots
(French
Calvinists)
2,000
Congregations
(ca.1561)
Thirty Years War
1618 - 1648
Conflict began when, on May 23, 1618, the Protestants in
Prague threw two of Bohemian king Ferdinand II's
ministers out a window. This act was known as the
Defenestration of Prague.
Bavarian
Danish
Swedish
French
The population of central Europe and the Germanic
regions fell from 15 million in 1600 to 11 million in 1650
Bohemian Phase
Bohemians chose a Protestant over a Catholic
successor to Rudolph II. They threw two ministers of
Ferdinand II out the window when he refused to interfere
and with his refusal many Protestants began to be
persecuted. This began the 30 years war which had 4
different phases but was fought mostly on Germanic soil.
It expanded to include the dynastic rivalries of ambitious
German princes and the determination of certain
European powers, notably Sweden and France, to curb
the power of the Holy Roman Empire, then the chief
political instrument of Austria and the ruling Habsburg
family. The first phase ended with Ferdinand II bringing
the Germanic city states back into the Catholic fold.
Danish Phase
The Germanic city states sought help from other
protestant countries, notably England and
Denmark.
England, fearful of igniting the Catholic resurgence
of Spain chose to stay out of the battle. Denmark
intervened.
Christian IV really wanted the Duchy of Holstein
returned to his rule and thought that by appearing
to support the Germanic city states would reap the
rewards of a weakened Holy Roman Empire.
Christian’s armies combined with other protestant
supporters was defeated.
Swedish Phase
Richelieu and the French did not like the
increasing power of the Hapsburgs but because
France was a Catholic state it could not intervene
on the side of the Protestants. Richelieu allied
with the Swedish and supplied them men and
supplies while appearing to stay out of the battle.
The Peace of Prague gave some concessions to
the Saxon Protestants, ending this phase of the
war but not defeating the Hapsburg ambitions.
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power on the Continent, and disastrousl
political unification of Germany.
Peasants avenge 30 Years War
JACQUES CALLOT (1592-1635)
Journal of Pierre Vuarin
“In transit they killed everyone they encountered as if it were
open warfare. They burnt villages raped girls and women,
pillaged and damaged churches and altars, carried away
everything of value and did unheard of damage even though
His Highness (Duke Henri II) provisioned them. Further they
cut growing corn as feed for their horses which they stabled in
churches. Everywhere they did infinite damage, stealing
furniture and livestock, which they managed to discover even
when hidden in the remoteness of woods. For five whole days
they (the Prince of Phalsbourg and his men who were
supposed to be repelling the invaders) lived off the country,
pillaging and extorting money like the enemy forces... The
poor villagers returning to their villages after the passing of the
soldiery picked up infections from human and animal
carcasses left behind by the marauders. A third died from
dissentry and other infectious diseases in the villages through
which the soldiers had passed. “
Results and Impact
30% decrease in German population
devastation of German agriculture
ruin of German commerce and industry
the breakup of the Holy Roman Empire, which was a mere
shell in the succeeding centuries
the decline of Hapsburg greatness.
The war ended the era of conflicts inspired by religious
passion, and the Peace of Westphalia was an important step
toward religious toleration.
The incredible sufferings of the German peasantry were
remembered for centuries.
The political settlements of the peace were to the
disadvantage of Germany as well as the Hapsburgs.
The poor relationship between N Germany from Austria was
to continue for more than two centuries
Religious conflict
Creates hostile environment and migration
begins, much of it to the new world
Conflict between secularist and reformers
forces new claims by monarchs regarding
divine authority