Transcript Martin Luther 1483-1546

Semester 2 Mid Term Review
Think happy thoughts….
Martin Luther 14831546
• Born Nov. 10 1483 into a peasant family
• The son of a farmer turned miner and a
hard working mother
• Was raised with stern discipline as well as
a chatechismal education
• At 14 he was supporting himself by
singing in the streets
• He gained the notice/patronage of Frau
Ursula Cotta “on account of his hearty
singing and praying”
Martin Luther 14831546
• At 18 he enrolled in the University of
Erfurt, then one of the top universities in
Germany
• 1502 Bachelor of Arts, 1505 a Master of
Arts (Ph.D equivalent)
• Luther then prepared himself as his father
wished to go to Law School
• 1505 His friend Alexius died (lightning or
duel)
• July 1505 Caught in a thunderstorm and
Martin Luther 14831546
• July 17, Luther joins an Augustinian
Convent at Erfurt
• He became obsessed with the assurance
of his salvation and constantly aware of
his sin
• Held strictly to catholic doctrine, including
excessive worship of the Virgin Mary
• Confessed at least once a week to the
eventual annoyance of his confessor
• His mentor Staupitz pointed him towards
Martin Luther 14831546
• Luther continually pondered the meaning
of Romans 1:17
• Was ordained in 1507 and gave his first
mass, almost fainting at the altar
• 1510 Luther made a pilgrimage to Rome
• Arrived hailing “Thrice Holy Rome”
• He ran “like a crazy saint” to visit all the
shrines, and sought the promised
forgiveness in the climbing of the Scala
Santa on his knees
Luther in Rome 1510
• He became severely disillusioned with
Rome due to all its excesses
• Speedy masses, irreverent consecration,
mockery of honest Christians
• “if there was a hell, Rome was built on it”
• “Rome, once the holiest city is now the
worst”
• Afterwards(1511) Luther moved the the
Augustinian convent of Wittenberg and
became a professor
Martin Luther 14831546
• The building of St. Peter’s Dome was
begun in 1506 by Pope Julian II using
indulgences as a means to pay for the
expenses (it was finally completed in 1626)
• Indulgences were technically the removal
of the temporal consequences of sin, but
not a route to salvation
• Johann Tetzel was the salesman for
Indulgences in the Wittenberg area
Martin Luther 14831546
• The continual sale of indulgences drove
Luther to write the 95 Theses
• Oct. 31 1517 Luther posts the Theses on
the door of the Wittenberg chapel
• The 95 Theses were posted as a challenge
to debate not as a breech with the Church
The 95 Theses
•
•
Luther’s protest against the abuse of
indulgences
3 Main points
1. Indulgences are ineffective
2. The Pope is good
3. Justification by faith in Christ
Luther Attacks 1520
• Luther begins his break with the church by
appealing to the German Princes for
protection
• He follows up by writing many vicious
anti-papal/Roman Catholic works
• Babylonian Captivity of the church being
one of his chief polemics addressing
– Universality of the cup
– Proper communion
– Baptism
– Number of sacraments (Baptism and Bread
Diet of Worms 1521
• Emperor Charles V calls the Diet of Worms
to try and settle the issue of Luther
• Jerome Aleander represented the papacy
• Luther arrives with great pomp and
celebration
• He is asked to acknowledge his works and
recant them
• He asks quietly for a day to consider
Diet of Worms 1521
• He returns the next day and strongly
affirms all of his writings
• He then proceeds to call both pope and
councils fallible forever confirming his
status as a heretic
• The papists claim victory over Martin but
the promised safe conduct of Charles V is
surprisingly kept and arch-heretic Martin
lived to see another day
Peasants War 1523-25
• The Peasants grew tired of being slaves
and wanted better living conditions and
some measure of autonomy
• They teamed up with radical protestants
and rebelled against the princes
• Luther condemned the rebellion and told
the princes to quash it
• The princes took his advice and the
rebellion stopped
Age of the Reformation
III
Erasmus, Zwingli,
and Calvin
Desiderius Erasmus14661536
• Born out of wedlock
to a Dutch priest
Gerard and a physicians daughter
Margaret
• After his mother died his guardians stole
his inheritance and forced him into a
monastery
• 1486-1491 was a monk and became
thoroughly disgusted with the institution
• Obtained a bishops patronage, gained
license to become a priest, and fled the
monastery
pointy head
hiding under hat
Desiderius Erasmus14661536
• He survived mainly
by patronage living off
the many “gifts” given to him for his clever
writing
• Studied classics incessantly and was a deep
thinker, called the father of Christian
Humanism
• Wrote prolifically, including many works
which criticized monks, priests, and the
papacy
• His most notable work was a Greek New
Testament with Latin translation
Desiderius Erasmus14661536
• He loved peace, but also morality and
wanted true reform within the church
• Lived Latin, he spoke very little of any
other language including his native Dutch
• Courted the favor of Pope Leo X, but never
stopped criticizing the immoral things he
did
• He was too Protestant to be Catholic and
too Catholic to be Protestant, he never
stopped trying to reform the church, but
was never willing to be a “reformer”.
Desiderius Erasmus14661536
• Luther, Zwingli and
most other reformers
looked to Erasmus for teaching though he
conflicted with Luther often
• Luther was said to have “hatched the egg
Erasmus laid”
• Erasmus and Luther debated heatedly over
the issue of Free Will, neither ever admitting
the other was right
• He died Feb. 12 1536 without a priest
repeating “O Jesus, have mercy; Lord,
deliver me; Lord make an end’ Lord, have
Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531
• Was born 7 weeks after Luther, Jan 1, 1484
• His father was a town magistrate his
mother the sister of a priest making him
middle class
• Grew up in a small town raised with
Catholic doctrine by his family
• Started college at 14 and finished with a
master of arts in 1506
• Bought the pastorship of Glarus where he
taught until 1516
• Was a humanist and a patriot, but not
particularly religious
Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531
• Protested strongly against Swiss
mercenaries
• Was unchaste in the fashion of the day
• 1516 due to political pressure he
transferred to Einsiedeln where he studied
scripture and the early church fathers
• 1517 Started preaching against the abuses
in the church, including a rejection of
indulgences
• He received a papal pension until 1520
• In Zurich he preached expositorially
Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531
• He began preaching even more strongly
against the sins that stemmed from the
Catholic church
• Zurich was struck by plague and Zwingli
helped until he became infected as well
• Lent 1522 Zwingli preached and wrote a
tract rejecting the Lenten dietary laws
• Gathered a petition from 10 priests
endorsing clerical marriage, but was
rejected
Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531
• The petition was rejected, but Zwingli
entered into a secret marriage anyway
• 1523 Published the 67 articles which
inspired debate throughout Switzerland
• 1524 Zurich and a few other cantons
accept the evangelical position and
become protestant
• Two years after their secret marriage Anna
Reinhart and Zwingli get married
• The Protestants start mass icon
destruction
Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531
• 1529 The protestants and Catholics started
meeting in open war in Cappel
• Against the advice of Zwingli several of the
protestant cantons sought peaceful
negotiations
• They negotiated peace but didn’t gain all of
the hoped for concessions
• 1531 The second battle of Cappel occurred
as was inevitable
• Zwingli led his troops and was injured while
tending the wounded, later he was slain, his
John Calvin 1509-1564
• Born July 10, 1509 in Noyon la Sainte
• Calvin grew up well educated in a noble
family
• At 12 he received the tonsure and the
revenue of a chaplaincy in the cathedral of
Noyon
• At 14 he entered college studying first in
Paris then in Orleans and Bourges
• At 18 he received the charge of S. Martin
• A good student, religious and not prone to
John Calvin 1509-1564
• Calvin studied the humanities: law,
philosophy, and theology
• He was an exceptional student who was
teaching as often as taking classes
• 1532-33 Calvin converted to Protestantism
• Shortly after his conversion he became a
leading figure in the French evangelical
party
• Paris started a mass persecution of
Protestants leading Calvin to flee to Basel
where he wrote the first edition of The
John Calvin 1509-1564
• 1536 Calvin continued his travels through
Switzerland and went to Geneva where he
planned to spend the night
• William Farel convinced him to stay and
become pastor in Geneva
• Calvin was well received and started
preaching and reforming Geneva into a
moral city
• He endorsed the enforcement of moral
laws by magistrates throughout Geneva
which caused great discontent
John Calvin 1509-1564
• All citizens were forced to take an oath of
confession or be banished
• The moral laws and forced confession
caused the reformers to be expelled from
Geneva
• Calvin moved to Strassburg where he lived
poorly but happily
• He taught both in churches and
universities learning much of/from the
Lutherans
• Started the “little French church” for the
John Calvin 1509-1564
• 1540 in Strassburg Calvin married Idelette
de Bure a member of his congregation.
• In the meantime Geneva suffered from a
lack of preaching and leadership and
ultimately decided to call back the
reformers
• Strassburg and Geneva fought over
Calvin, and Calvin ultimately and
somewhat unwillingly returned to Geneva
• Geneva as a result was dramatically
reformed, especially in the enforcement of
John Calvin 1509-1564
• Geneva epitomized the union of church
and state, being led by Calvin’s moral
dictates
• Immoral behavior included dancing,
gambling, drunkenness, frequenting
taverns, profanity, luxury, excesses of
entertainment, extravagant or immodest
dress, singing licentious or irreligious
songs and were all punishable by censure,
fine, or imprisonment
• The death penalty was allowed only for
John Calvin 1509-1564
• Miguel Servetus fleeing execution for
heresy in France stopped temporarily in
Geneva
• Calvin had him arrested, he was then tried,
found a heretic, and burned at the stake
• The Servetus incident was a particularly
black mark on Geneva and Calvin, belying
much of the Protestant preached freedom
• 1563 Calvin became sick, then bed ridden
eventually dying peacefully at home in
May of 1564
Anabaptists
• A history of radicalism
• Zwickau Prophets in Wittenberg (15211525)
– Had visions, dreams, and talked to God
and Gabriel
– Rejected the written word, regular
ministry, and infant baptism
– Preached the overthrow of all in the
Millennium
– Inspired the Peasants war
Anabaptists
• Münster Rebellion (1532-1536)
– Anabaptist stronghold revolted
– Became “New Jerusalem” 1534
– The leader died leading a charge of 30
men while declaring he was Gideon
– Came under the leadership of “King
David” aka Jan Beukelszoon who
instituted polygamy
– January 1536 the town was lost and the
rebels tortured, publicly executed and
then displayed
Anabaptists
• Pacifist Anabaptism
– Menno Simmons an ex-Roman Catholic
priest
– Joined other Anabaptists under a
pacifist teacher
– After Münster he allowed many to join
the pacifist sect having greatest
influence in the Netherlands
– He guided and solidified Dutch
Anabaptism resulting in them being
renamed Mennonites
Anabaptists
•
Swiss or mainstream Anabaptism
– Led by Grebel, Manz, Blaurock, and
Hübmaier
– Three main doctrinal points
1. Believers Baptism
2. Separation of Church and State
3. Separation from the
world/ungodliness
– No specific mode of baptism
– Believed in symbolic
baptism/communion
Anabaptists
• Persecution of Anabaptists in Switzerland
– Debated Zwingli without result Re: infant
baptism
– Zwingli ordered all infants baptized or they
and their families would be exiled
– Anabaptist responded with a procession
through town declaring “Woe, woe unto
Zurich!”
– 6 Anabaptists were executed leading to a
nation wide persecution
– Swiss persecution emphasized exile and
drowning upon return rather than instant
Anabaptists
• German/Austrian Persecution
– Much more severe, taking Luther’s
violent words and putting them to action
– Even worse in Catholic controlled areas
with thousands of martyred rather than
hundreds
– Behead those who recant, burn those
who refuse
Henry VIII
• Henry VIII was second in line to become
king behind his brother Arthur who
married Catharine of Aragon
• His brother died and Henry became Prince
of Wales (crown prince) at 11 years old
• After his fathers death in order to maintain
ties with Spain he married Catharine in
1509
• He received a special dispensation from
pope Julius II allowing him to marry his
brothers wife
Henry VIII
• After 7 pregnancies and only one daughter
to show for it, Henry became dissatisfied
with Catharine as he wanted a male heir
• He pursued the sister of his mistress
named Anne Boleyn who wouldn’t have
him without first being married
• He sought a divorce with the “Spanish
Cow”
• The pope didn’t want to grant the divorce
due to various political problems
Henry VIII
• Henry in response declared the popes
authority non-effective in England
• This was not a break with the church and
Henry was a good Catholic, he just wanted
his desires more than he wanted the
church
• Without need for papal consent he was
easily divorced and secretly married in
1533 later that year the marriage was made
public
• 1534 parliament passed the act of
Henry VIII
• Thomas More pleaded illness and retired
as Chancellor after the Act of Supremacy
was passed
• He refused to acknowledge Henry as
Supreme head of the church.
• 3 years later he was hanged.
• Henry passed the Six Articles asserting:
cup-less communion, transubstantiation,
celibacy of priests, endurance of vows of
chastity, utility of private masses, and
auricular confession
Henry VIII
• The enforcement of the Six Articles and
other acts resulted in the death of many
protestants and Catholics
• Henry continued to persecute monasteries
and dissolved more than 400 confiscating
their property
• Henry was married 6 times, none seemed
particularly happy
• He died not particularly lamented in 1547
leaving Edward VI to become king
(Bloody) Mary I 1553-1558
• Mary I was the daughter of Henry and
Catharine of Aragon and held her mothers
sympathies with the Roman Catholic faith
• One of her first acts as queen was to
behead the ex-regent who resisted her
accession
• She married her Spanish Cousin Philip
which was not well received by the English
people.
• She enforced Catholicism across England
giving a triple test to heretics
• Heretics were allowed to flee England, but
(Bloody) Mary I 1553-1558
• 1553-1558 was her reign and ~300 were
executed as heretics during this time,
burning was her preferred method
• Famous among the executed were
Bishops Latimer and Ridley, and
Archbishop Cranmer
• Mary died more than likely of Ovarian
cancer, which also explains why she never
gave birth to an heir
• She was succeeded by her younger half
sister Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I 1558-1603
• Elizabeth was Protestant and restored
much of the Protestant customs,
• She was a clever and wise ruler so
restored Protestantism slowly and with
popular opinion
• Rejected the Popes authority over England
and replaced it with her own
• Modified the 42 articles into the 39 Articles
still used today
• Was religiously tolerant and wanted
religious peace above freedom
• A wise ruler the “virgin queen” died the
John Knox
• Was born between 1505-1515 in Scotland
• Grew up with a standard Catholic
education, though was considered liberal
• Studied at the University of Glasgow or
St. Andrews
• Was familiar with Latin, Greek, and Hebrew
but was not an exceptional scholar
• Worked as a priest and tutor until 1545
when he broke with the Catholic church
John Knox
• 1544 Protestant preacher George Wishart
came to Scotland and befriended Knox
• Knox followed Wishart learning from him
and acting as his bodyguard
• 1546 Wishart was martyred by Cardinal
Beaton
• Knox preached his first sermon viciously
defying Catholicism
• Returned to St. Andrews and taught until
1547 when it was conquered by the French
Catholics
John Knox
• Knox was captured by the French and
rowed in the slave galleys for 18 months
• He refused to return to Catholicism
• 1549-1559 Knox traveled between England
and Europe spending much time in
Geneva learning from Calvin
• 1558 published “The First Blast of the
Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment
of Women
• 1559 Knox returned to Scotland and led
the church into Reform
John Knox
• Iconoclasm ensued, not technically
inspired by Knox, but not discouraged
• 1560 Knox and others establish the
Scottish Confession of Faith creating
Scottish Presbyterianism
• He led a prolonged struggle against the
Catholic Mary Queen of Scots
• Wrote a History of the Reformation
• Died Nov. 24, 1572 without regret
Council of Trent
• Initiated by Pope Paul III met in 25
sessions, under 3 different popes, from
1545-1563
• Was called largely as a result of
Protestantism requiring Catholicism to
more strictly define itself
• Emperor Charles V proposed many
compromises in hopes of joining
Protestant and Catholic
Council of Trent
• Trent affirmed and solidified Catholic
doctrine providing a more stable faith
• It also cleared out many of the abuses
previously complained about
• They confirmed cup-less communion, the
Apocrypha, necessity of baptism,
Inspiration of Vulgate, and the mediatory
capacity of the church
• They curbed the abuse of Indulgences,
Image worship, absenteeism, and put age
limits on clerical offices
Council of Trent
• The Council wasn’t immediately accepted,
but quickly became the universal rule.
• Overall Trent provided a stable theological
platform that, when mingled with Jesuit
missionary activity, helped Roman
Catholicism to regain much territory
• France showed a decline in Protestants
Belgium and Bavaria reconverted, Austria,
Hungary and Poland initiated repression of
Protestants and greatly limited them
Thirty Years War 1618-1648
• The Peace of Augsburg 1555 had set rules
for German religious governance, but
wasn’t enough
• France, Spain, Sweden and Denmark were
all interested in German territory
• Reform was mixing with Lutheranism
creating a mixed Protestantism
• 1st spark in Donauwörth where protestants
attacked a Catholic procession
• A Catholic Duke intervened and crushed
the Protestants
Thirty Years War 1618-1648
• 1618 Duke of Bohemia appointed a
Catholic heir, but the Calvinists rejected
him
• 1619 Duke dies resulting in full scale
rebellion soon followed by much of Austria
and Germany
• The Catholics created the Catholic League
and allied with Spain
• The Protestants formed the Protestant
Union with many factious allies
Peace of Westphalia
• The alliance fought well and confined the
Hapsburgs to Austria resulting in Peace
• Treaty of Westphalia was signed Oct. 27,
1648 cementing many physical boundaries
between Protestant and Catholic nations
• Symbol of the end of the world wide reign
of Roman Catholicism
• Gave general religious freedom except in
Hapsburg territories
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
• 24 Aug, 1572 St. Bartholomew’s Day
• Various French political factions clash
primarily Royal Papists vs. Huguenots
• Wedding between protestant Henri de
Navarre and catholic Marguerite de Valois
• Many of the protestant leaders were
gathered in Paris to celebrate
• Under the influence of his mother Charles
IX orders all the Huguenots killed
• A semi-nationwide massacre ensues
leaving 20,000-100,000 dead
The Puritans
• A varied combination of groups from
England and Scotland
• Marked by a desire to be a pure church i.e.
free from romish custom
• Joined as a faction under the Elizabethan
rule getting derogatorily called Puritan
• They rejected Elizabeth’s church polity the
via media “middle way”
• Elizabeth non-violently suppressed the
Puritans desiring peace above doctrine
The Puritans
• In 1603 James IV became James I
• The Puritans had high hopes for reform
due to his Scotch Presbyterian upbringing
• He disappointed them greatly, he was a
man of learning but not of morals
• Puritans went to him with the Millenary
Petition requesting reform of abuses
within the church
• He denied the petition but initiated a
Conference where he could preside
The Puritans
• Hampton Conference was held in Jan 1604
• James laid down his aphorism “No bishop,
no king”
• The only concession to the Puritans was
an authorized English translation of the
bible, the King James Version
• The ascension of Charles I went even
worse for the Puritans
• Charles was a pure monarch wanting to
rule without parliament
The Puritans
• He appointed William Laud as archbishop
who was a sincere Anglican in heart and a
Roman Catholic in practice
• Laud desired absolute conformity in
church practice/membership
• He restored many cathedrals, reemphasized the altar in the church and
brought back icons and genuflexions
• During his time many puritans fled to
Holland as well as New England
The Puritans
• Laud and Charles I’s strict
heirarchicalism, and emphasis on
royalty did not sit well with the people
• The Puritans were upset by a loss of
freedom, and the protestants in general
were afraid of a return to Romanism
• The unrest provoked Scotland into
capturing Charles and ultimately led to
a civil war throughout England
Oliver Cromwell
• Cromwell was born in Cambridgeshire and
went to college but didn’t graduate
• Was a strong pro-democracy
parliamentary member
• Was a very strict puritan in belief
• A leader of the Ironsides Cavalry and a
gifted military tactician
• The New Model Army was a puritan army,
well disciplined and moral
• Cromwell’s disciplined army quickly won
the civil war and took the king captive
Oliver Cromwell
• 1649-1658 Cromwell set up a new semiautocratic dictatorship called the
Protectorate with himself as the “Lord
Protector” of England
• He initially tried to deal with the King, saw
it wasn’t possible so had him and Laud
beheaded
• Grew ill and died in 1658 leaving behind a
weak son ill fit to rule
• 1660 Charles II was welcomed back to
England
American Christianity
• English Puritans who emphasized the
congregation as the church were the
largest faction of the Puritans and Pilgrims
who settled in New England
• Settlement began around 1620 with the
separatist Pilgrims fleeing from England
• They were followed by Non-Conformist
Puritans who joined in Congregationalism
• Primarily settled in Massachusetts they
enforced strict conformity in religion
American Christianity
• Roger Williams left England under Laud
and moved to Massachusetts
• He worked as an pastor in Salem, but due
to his controversial nature was banished
• He emphasized an extreme separation of
Church and State as well as complete
religious freedom, not just Christian
• 1636 lived with Indians for 14 weeks then
w/ 5 families founded Providence, buying
the land from Indians
American Christianity
• Williams became a Baptist, and was
baptized though shortly after renounced it
as unqualified
• He longed for a true church of God but
couldn’t find one
• He obtained various charters for
Providence and founded what became
Rhode Island
• Was friendly to Indians and helped Mass.
• He died and a tree root took the form of his
decomposing body
American Christianity
• The Religious Society of Friends aka the
Tremblers or Quakers
• Founded by George Fox a zealous,
ascetic, mystic, and outspoken extremist
• He gave no one special consideration or
courtesy, interrupted clergymen and
lawyers
• Was nine times imprisoned eventually
retiring and resting at the end of his career
• Robert Barclay was the Quaker apologist
American Christianity
• Barclay lived in many different systems
gaining a good education before
converting to Quakerism
• He went on various missionary journeys,
was several times imprisoned and died
• William Penn was the Quaker politician.
• Was favored by James II due to family
• His influence allowed him to found
Pennsylvania organizing a colony based
primarily on Religious Freedom
American Christianity
• Penn founded Philadelphia – the city of
brotherly love
• Pennsylvania became a refuge for Quakers
• Quakers were often persecuted in England
from 1650-89 ~13,258 Quakers were
punished, in New England 170 were badly
used, 47 banished, and 4 hanged
• Their outspoken radical protests made
them unpopular often parading in
sackcloth and ashes, or nothing in protest
American Christianity
•
•
After persecution ceased the Quakers
settled down becoming a “sober, quiet,
orderly, and peaceful community”
They held to fifteen main principles the
main of which were
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Inner Light
Universal Capacity for Redemption
Quiet Worship
Separation of Church and State
No “Salutations and Recreations”
American Christianity
• The Moravian church stemmed from
Germany where the sheltered remnants of
old Bohemian and Moravian Brethren were
• Count Zinzendorf gave the Brethren
asylum in Herrnhut, Germany
• Zinze gave up his court position in order
to become bishop of the Moravian Church
• Founded Bethlehem and Nazareth Penn.
• They made few settlements preferring to
send missionaries off to the wild than
building churches
American Christianity
• They founded missions stations called
Diaspora, for refreshment not membership
• They kept strict discipline but maintained
a cheerful piety and love of music
• Emphasized unity of spirit of doctrine
preferring Christ Crucified and living for
Him to deep theology
• They admitted various denominations to
their communion as long as they were
devout Christians in person
American Christianity
“I know of no other foundation but
Christ, and I can associate with all
who build on this foundation.”
- Count Zinzendorf
Jonathan Edwards
• Born in 1703 to Timothy Edwards and Esther
Stoddard their only son and 5th of 11 children
• Grew up somewhat sheltered and was much
fascinated with nature, especially spiders
• Learned Latin by age 6, and had a command
of the “three learned languages” by 13
• 1716 at 13 years old he entered Yale College
• Graduated in 1720, but stayed until 1722 to
study divinity
• Taught in New York then became tutor at Yale
Jonathan Edwards
• 1727 became assistant pastor in Northampton
under his grandfather Solomon Stoddard
• Married Sarah Pierrepont, a model wife, mother
and housekeeper. Started having the first of their
12 children
• During his youth and schooling Edwards was a
very prolific writer and influenced by Locke
• 1729 became head pastor diligently studying
(13-15 hours a day) and leading
• 1735(39)-41 the First Great Awakening broke out
in his Church, He preached against abuse but
fully acknowledged “Religious Affections”
Jonathan Edwards
• 1749 Published a memoir of David
Brainerd his Son-in-law to be who had
died from Tuberculosis
• Edwards disputed over communion being
given to nominal/non Christians
• Criticized the sons of leading members of
the community
• 1750 He was dismissed from his pastorate
• He left with dignity, but expressed his
dislike for Congregationalist church
government preferring Presbyterianism
Jonathan Edwards
• Edwards became a missionary to the
Native Americans in the frontier town of
Stockbridge
• While struggling against a corrupt
missions board Edwards wrote his more
famous books
• 1758 became President of the College of
New Jersey aka Princeton
• After becoming president he was
inoculated against smallpox, then
rampant, and died
George Whitefield
• Born 1714 to Thomas and Elizabeth at the Bell
Inn in Gloucester, England
• He was educated in the Crypt School until 15
when he dropped out to help his mother
• He got measles that left him squint eyed
• Worked at the Bell Inn for a year and a half
before completing school and going to Oxford
• While at Oxford he became religious, initially
ascetic, then later genuinely converted
• Along with John and Charles Wesley he founded
the Oxford “Holy Club”
George Whitefield
• 1735 he claimed to have been truly converted
• Asceticism left him weak so he returned
home
• He was noticed by Bishop Benson who
wanted to ordain him, he returned to Oxford,
became ordained at 22
• Preached his first sermon in Saint Mary de
Crypt
• Began teaching in various places and was
invited by the Wesley’s to come to Georgia
• In Georgia he helped with an orphanage and
other efforts before returning home
George Whitefield
• Upon return from Georgia he was ordained
a Priest in the Anglican church by Benson
• He had lost favor with much of the
England crowd and had an increasingly
hard time finding pulpits in which to
preach
• Preached in whatever pulpits were open to
him regardless of denomination, but most
were too small
• Turned to the “highways and hedges” to
“compel them to come in”
George Whitefield
• Began preaching to the colliers (coal
miners) in Kingswood, to increasingly
large crowds
• Traveled to London to preach, but was
kicked out of church so he turned to the
fields
• He began a long and massive itinerant
evangelistic career
• Traveled across the Atlantic 13 times
spending over two years on water
• Continued working with and building the
orphanage in Georgia
George Whitefield
• 1740 played a major role in the Great
Awakening in America
• Met and preached to Benjamin Franklin
• Split with John Wesley over the Calvinist
doctrine of predestination, becoming the
father of Calvinist Methodism
• Was beaten several times but proclaimed
“We are immortal ‘til our work is done”
• Married Elizabeth James who bore him
one son who died as an infant
George Whitefield
• He vastly changed the philosophy of
preaching and evangelism, emphasizing
charismatic and heartfelt sermons
• Had a very aggressive approach to
preaching
• Preached 13 sermons per week all
extemporaneously
• 1770 He died in Newbury Port leaving very
little behind
John Wesley
• Born 1703 in Epworth, England to Samuel
and Susanna
• Susanna was a strong influence on him and
took a firm hand in her children’s education
• At 6 years old he was saved from a fire “a
brand plucked from the burning”
• Studied in London at the Charterhouse
School then went to college in Oxford
• He was studious and did well with his
studies
• Unsure what to do with his life he looked for
direction before deciding on preaching
John Wesley
• 1726-1734 He founded the Holy Club at
Oxford trying to live a religious life
• 1734 His father died and he received a call
to go to Georgia
• Went to Georgia, did little and learned
much
• Along the way he became acquainted with
Moravian missionaries who challenged
him to know his salvation
• 1738 due to trouble in Georgia he returned
to England.
John Wesley
• He continued studying and like Luther “felt
his heart strangely warmed”
• Began preaching, but was increasingly
unwelcome in churches so turned to the
fields
• From here he embarked on 53 years of
itinerant preaching
• The social conditions of England at the
time were appalling, full of poverty and
immorality
• Wesley traveled over 250,000 miles on
horseback during his ministry
John Wesley
• As he traveled Wesley founded groups and
organizations which became the Methodist
Church
• He initially didn’t want to break with the
Anglican church, but had to, being
unwilling to reject inward and present
salvation by faith
• Broke with Whitefield in proclaiming his
Arminianist doctrine, though they made up
and remained friends.
• At 48 he unwisely married to a wife who
made him miserable for 15 years then left
John Wesley
• He rejected leisure and pursued the work
of God with all he had
• Was always up early usually at 4am and in
bed at 10pm
• Wesley died in bed at 88 years old. He
sang a hymn, encouraged his brothers,
and said “farewell”
Ages
• 3BC
• 70 AD
•
•
•
•
Jesus and the Apostles • Jesus Born
catholic Christianity
• Temple
Destroyed
312 AD Christian Roman Empire • Milvian Bridge
• Gregory I is
590 AD Middle Ages
Pope
• 95 Thesis
1517 AD Reformation
• Peace of
1648 AD Reason and Revival
Westphalia