Transcript unit 1 AP European HISTORY

AP European History
MR. KRAUS
UNIT 1
RENAISSANCE TO
REFORMATION
THE BEGINNING OF THE RENAISSANCE
ROOTS OF RENESSAINCE !!!
FROM DARK TO LIGHT “MIDDLE AGES TO RENAISSANCE”
Before 1300
After 1300
•Life in Medieval Europe was ruder and more
primitive
•Life was dominated by a single, militant, and
exclusive religion (Catholicism)
•Medieval era is the longest period of European
History (5th to 15th century)
•Imperial Roman culture left a powerful cultural
footprint
•Church was dominant influence in Medieval life
•Experiment and scientific inquiry virtually
ceased
•Decline of central rule resulted in small petty
kingdoms
•Decline in education and training shown in
artists inability to depict scenes in classical
precision
•Medieval art directed primarily at glorification of
God
•Feudalism: economic, social, and political
system based on apportionment of land in
exchange for fealty and service.
•Crusades to spread Christianity
•Rise of Renaissance (meaning “Rebirth”)
from approximately 1300 – 1600
•Revival of Classical culture-Greek theology
and language.
•Study of Philosophy and Science become
cornerstones of “classical education” under
guidance of such scholars as Patrarch
•Education received vast new content from
classical Greece
•Aristotelian science, the heliocentric
universe became religious orthodoxy
•Art and architecture were inspired to
perfection by classical Greek models
•Scientific inquiry flourished (experimentation
using theories and the scientific method)
•Rise of Absolutism (form of monarchial
power that is unrestrained by churches,
legislatures, nobility.
•Rise of the Nation State, decrease and
disappearance of feudal partitioning and
influence of nobility
•Strong standing state armies
FROM DARK TO LIGHT “MIDDLE AGES TO RENAISSANCE”
I.
Turbulent 1300’s
A. Big Debate
1. Who has more power?
a. King : historical power struggle, had
to elect clergy to positions of
power in order to have literate
officials.
b. Pope: Church law is more advanced
than state law.
c. 300-1517 all European Christians
are Roman Catholics. ( example of
feud: King Henry II vs. Archbishop of
Canterbury Thomas Becket.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APcyM9zTWYI
B. Famine
1. Medieval societies always feared a lack of food.
2. By 1300’s growing population created Famine.
3. All classes of society suffered, people killed
draft animals, dogs and cats disappeared, and
cannibalism was rumored.
C. Peasant Revolts
1. When: 1337-1382: Tyler’s Rebellion: marked the
beginning of the end of “serfdom” ( a system of
class servitude to nobility).
2. Where – Flanders: Not many workers left to work
the land after the “Black Death” and those that were
left had to work harder – when nobility levied a poll
tax on goods, the servants revolted.
D. Wars
1. Hundred Years War
a. When 1337 -1453
b. Who: Royal Houses of England for the throne
of France left vacant by the Capetian line of
kings.
c. Why: Power and control: Winner is France
2. War of the Roses:
a. When 1455 - 1483
b. Who: Between the House of Lancaster and the
House of York.
c. Why: Power and control: marriage between Henry
of Lancaster and Elizabeth of York ends war.
E. Bubonic Plague/ Black Death
1. Numbers: ¼ of world population: 40 million people
2. When:
a. 1331: Asia
b. 1348: Europe
3. Trade routes from Asia to Europe spread the Plague.
4. Europeans tried to contain the disease:
a. blocked ships in port
b. quarantined areas
c. Prayed
5. Symptoms:
a. fever, blood pressure dropped, welts, swollen glands
b. painful death.
II. What Was The Renaissance?
A. A changing world view
1. Reawakened interest in Classical Greece and
Rome
2. New emphasis on human experience and
individual achievement
B. A spirit of adventure
1. Looked at universe in new ways
2. Experimented with new forms and technology
C. The growth of “humanism” believed people and experiences
were important.
1. Study of classical Greece and Rome to understand
their own times
2. Emphasis on humanities – rhetoric, poetry, history
D. Individualism and Secularism expand.
1. Turned focus from securing a place in heaven to
achieving success on earth.
2. Created further tension between society and the
church.
III. Italy: Cradle of Renaissance
A. Italy’s history and geography
1. Rome – the seat of Catholic Church, an important patron
of the arts
2. Location encouraged trade with markets in Mediterranean
and Africa
3. Center of Roman Empire
B. Italy’s vibrant city-states
1. Each city-state controlled by powerful family and
dominated by wealthy merchant class
2. Florence was a symbol of the energy and brilliance of the
Italian Renaissance
IV. Renaissance art and artists flower:
A. Reflecting humanist thought
1. Portrayed well-known figures of the day.
2. Revived many classical forms.
B. New artistic techniques:
1. Invented perspective
2. Drew from live models
C. Major Artists of the Period:
1. Leonardo da Vinci: Inventor and artist: painter of “Mona Lisa”
and “The Last Supper”. Made sketches for flying machines and
undersea boats centuries before they were built.
2. Michelangelo: Sculptor; painter, architect: sculptor of “David”
and the “Pieta”. Painted ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
and designed the dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral.
3. Raphael: Artist: “The School of Athens” and “Madonna”
V. Writing for a new Society
A. Castiglione’s ideal courtier
1. Well-educated, well – mannered aristocrat
2. Ideal women – graceful, kind, lively, and beautiful
B. Machiavelli’s successful prince
1. “The Prince” – Guide for rulers on how to gain and maintain
power.
2. Stressed that the end justifies the means.
C. William Shakespeare: English poet and playwright: wrote
37 plays (Romeo & Juliet, Othello, Hamlet, etc.) still
performed around the world today!
D. Erasmus: Dutch priest: translated bible from Latin to Greek,
making it more accessible to the public.
E. Sir Thomas More: Humanist wrote of ideal society: Utopia,
where men and women live in peace, equality, and
harmony.
VI. Reformation: also known as the Protestant Reformation:
A. Background:
1. Church Abuses:
-Popes, priests, and bishops led lavish lives flaunting
wealth.
-Indulgences: certificates sold for forgiveness of sins.
-Payment to see “relics” and worship them.
-Absolute grandeur of the church in the face of suffering
2. Leaders such as John Wycliffe in England launched attacks
against the Catholic church and its abusers in early
1300’s and paved the way for men like Luther.
B. Martin Luther: Catalyst of Change:
1. German monk and professor who triggered revolt against the
church.
2. Luther posts 95 Theses: posted in Wittenberg Germany
on the door of “All Saints” church arguing 95 reasons why
indulgences were false!
3. Copies of Luther’s theses were printed and distributed across
Europe stirring up a firestorm of protest.
4. The Church called on Luther to recant – The Pope Leo X
excommunicated Luther.
C. Protestant : by 1530 Luther’s followers were calling themselves
“Protestant” because the protested papal authority.
1. Luther’s Teachings:
a. Salvation through faith.
b. Bible alone is source of truth.
2. Peasant’s Revolt: 1524: German’s sought economic and social
change- end to serfdom. Luther denounces violence, tens of
thousands die.
3. Peace of Augsburg: between Pope and German Princes allowed them
to “decide” if they wanted to be Catholic or Lutheran.
D. Other “Sects” break away
1. John Calvin: “Calvinism” believed in many of Luther’s beliefs.
a. Predestination: God had long ago determined our fate.
b. Theocracy: Set up a government in Switzerland run by church
leaders.
2. Anabaptists: rejected infant baptism – too young to understand.
a. Pushed for separation of Church and State.
b. Predecessor of Baptists, Mennonites, Amish.
3. “Church of England” – Henry VIII separated from Roman Catholic
Church and declared himself “Head of Church of England”.
a. Wanted a divorce and Pope wouldn’t allow it.
b. Act of Supremacy – Made Henry the “only supreme head of
English Church”. Some opposed it, like Sir Thomas More and
were executed for treason.
c. Henry VIII: divorced Catherine of Aragon(whom he had
daughter Mary Tudor with) and married
Ann Boleyn – gave birth to daughter, Elizabeth I.
d. Anne Boleyn was later beheaded so Henry could remarry.
e. Henry VIII died in 1547, after six marriages- crown passed to
only surviving son- 9 year old Edward VI.
-He and his advisors were protestant and drew up the
“Book of Common Prayer” which became required reading.
f. Edward died in his teens and Mary Tudor took the throne.
-wanted to return England to the Catholic Church and had
hundreds of Protestants burnt at the stake.
g. Upon Mary’s death in 1558 Elizabeth I took the throne and
made a compromise between the Catholics and Protestants
known as “The Elizabethan Settlement”.
E. Counter-Reformation of Catholic Church
1. As a result of the Protestant Reformation – reform movement
in Catholic Church.
2. Purpose: Revive the moral authority of Catholic Church and
role back the Protestant tide.
3. “Council of Trent”- met for 20 years to determine the direction
of reform
-established penalties for abuses of clergy
-established school to create a better educated clergy
4. “Inquisition”: a church court set up which used secret
testimony, torture, and execution to root out heresy. Banned
books by Luther, Calvin, as well as other Protestant works.
5. Jesuits: founded by Ignatius of Loyola: Spanish knight who
recruited a strict order to help the spread of Catholicism.
F. Legacy of Reformation and Counter-Reformation
1. Majority of Europe remained Catholic.
2. Protestants had gained a major foothold and opened door for
questioning the church.
3. Hundreds of Thousands were persecuted and died through
religious wars, revolts, and Inquisition.
4. Persecuting of Jews and non-Christian religions continued and
increased.
5. Set basis for “Self – Determination” in religion and life which led
people to seek new lands- such as North America in which to set
up a society unconstrained by Rome or the Church of England.