Transcript The High and Late Middle Ages

How did monarchs in England and
France expand royal authority and
lay the foundations for united
nation-states?
Section 1
ROYAL POWER GROWS
• During the High Middle Ages, monarchs
began to centralize power and were
supported by townspeople who wanted
peace and unity.
• With the coronation of King
John, the power of the
monarch was diminished.
He lost battles with France,
the Church, and nobles,
who forced him to sign the
Magna Carta.
What is it?
• A “great charter” that
would shape the future of English government.
What does it say?
1. Nobles had certain rights; would eventually include
all English citizens.
2. The monarch must obey the law.
3. Gave due process of law – protecting freemen from
arrest or imprisonment without the legal judgment
of peers or law of the land.
4. Habeas Corpus – no person can be held in prison
without first being charged with a crime.
5. Power of the Purse. Taxes could not be raised
without consent of Great Council, lords, and clergy.
• The Capetians made the throne hereditary and
ruled for 300 years.
• They established order and gained the support
of the middle class.
• Philip Augustus extended the power of the
French throne and expanded the kingdom.
• Philip IV won widespread support when he set
up the advisory body called the Estates General,
which was made up of representatives from all
classes of French society.
What is it?
• The Great Council would evolve into
Parliament, which would become England’s
legislature.
Section 2
THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE &
THE CHURCH
How did explosive conflicts
between monarchs and popes
affect the balance of power in
Europe?
• Otto I became the first Holy
Roman emperor when the
pope crowned him as thanks
for his support.
• The Holy Roman emperors
never truly controlled their
vassals and often fought with
the Church over the power to
appoint bishops and abbots.
• Holy Roman emperor Henry IV and Pope
Gregory VII struggled over the practice of
lay investiture (the appointment of bishops
by emperors).
• Until they accepted the treaty called the
Concordat of Worms, granting the church
the power to appoint bishops and emperor
the power to grant fiefs.
• During the 1100s and 1200s, German
emperors, such as Frederick Barbarosa and
his grandson Frederick II, tried to take
control of Italy against the wishes of the
Church.
Beginning with Innocent III,
popes began to claim
supremacy over all other
rulers. They used the powers
of excommunication and
interdiction to gain the
upper hand.
Section 3
THE CRUSADES AND THE
WIDER WORLD
How did the Crusades change
life in Europe and beyond?
• Many civilizations had been established around
the world, but Europeans knew little about
them.
• In the 1050s the Seljuk Turks invaded the
Byzantine empire and came to control the Holy
Land, Jerusalem and other places in Palestine
where Christians believe Jesus lived and
preached.
• Where
Europe’s
Christians
had
made
pilgrimages.
What are the Crusades?
The Christian attempt to reclaim the Holy Lands
from Muslim Turks.
1.
2.
3.
4.
How did the Crusades come about?
Byzantine Emperor Alexius I asks Pope Urban II
for Christian knights to help fight the Muslim
Turks.
Pope Urban II wants to unite Europe and have
the Byzantine Empire acknowledge him as pope.
He says “sure” and “let’s liberate (free) Jerusalem
while we are at it.”
At the Council of Clermont in 1095, Pope Urban II
calls bishops and nobles for war as “God wills it!”
Fast Facts about the Crusades
• Lasted 200 years
• 4 main ones. 9 in all
The First Crusade (1095-1099):
• The most successful. Took control of
Jerusalem driving out the Turks and
massacring Muslims and Jewish residents
of the city.
The Second Crusade (1147-1149):
• Unsuccessful. In 1146, the city of Edessa
was conquered by the Turks. The entire
population was killed or sold into slavery.
The Third Crusade (1187-1192):
• Saladin, the sultan of Egypt,
recaptured the city of Jerusalem from
the Christians.
The Fourth Crusade (1202-1204):
• Formed by Pope Innocent III.
Crusaders got sidetracked and greedy
and ended up conquering and
plundering Constantinople instead.
Our traditional perception of the Crusades as European
Colonization thinly veiled in religion isn't quite right. John
covers the First through the Fourth Crusades, telling you
which were successful, which were well-intentioned yet
ultimately destructive, and which were just plain crazy.
While this story is charming, it turns out to be complete and
utter hooey.
Did the Crusades achieve its goal?
No, the Crusades did not secure the Holy Lands
nor end the split between the Byzantine and
Roman Empires.
What the Crusades Accomplished
1. Economic Expansion
• Crusaders brought back goods from the
East that increased trade.
2. Increased Power of Monarchs and Papacy
3. Inspired Exploration
• Contact with the Muslim world inspired
explorers like Marco Polo.
What is it?
A campaign by several tiny Christian kingdoms to
take Iberian Peninsula back from Muslims.
Impact on Non-Christians
•
•
•
Isabella wanted Spain united
religiously.
Jews and Muslims were forced to
convert to Christianity.
If found guilty by the Inquisition (a
church court) of practicing their
religions, they could be put to
death.
Section 5
A TIME OF CRISIS
How did the combination of
plague, upheaval in the Church,
and war affect Europe in the
1300s and 1400s?
What is it?
A bubonic plague spread by fleas carried
by rats that raged through Europe killing
1 in 3 people.
Origin of the Plague
• Started in Asia from the conquests by the
Mongols.
• Their conquests set off an epidemic, or outbreak
of the disease.
• Rats carrying the disease infested homes, clothes,
ships, and entire towns.
• Over 35 million die across Chinese cities.
Spread of the Disease in Europe
• Trade brings plague to Italy.
• A year later it reaches Spain and France.
• 1 in 3 people across Europe die.
• Social unrest leads to revolts.
Effect on European Society
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Terror, confusion, & chaos
People began to indulge assuming they were going to die
Many felt the plaque was religious punishment
Lack of Social Interaction
Jews blamed for intentionally starting disease;
slaughtered by Christians.
6. Workers die, production declines, cost of labor increases,
demand for higher wages, and inflation of prices.
• The church was unable to answer the questions
or fill the needs of its members during the
Black Death.
• In 1309, Pope Clement V moved the papal
court to Avignon in France. Later, reformers
elected another pope to rule from Rome.
• Popular preachers such as John Wycliffe
taught that the bible and not the Church held
the truth, and his followers began translating
the Bible for everyone to read.
• England and France fought a
series of conflicts between 1337
and 1453 over French lands that
both states claimed and over
control of the English Channel and
regional trade.
• Joan of Arc helped to turn the tide
for France. In England, the war
gave power and prominence to
Parliament, which had to fund it.
Battles and Land Holdings
The longbow secures early English victories, but the
cannon used by the French turned the tide in the war.
Impact of the War
France
1. Joan of Arc’s death at the stake made her a martyr and
inspired the French victory.
2. Nationalism
3. French monarchs grow stronger
England
1. Parliament gains “power of the purse.”
2. Loss of land = new overseas trade
Overall
1. New firepower eliminates castles and knights
2. Population expansion
3. Increased trade and manufacturing
4. New technologies
Bio
William the Conqueror, the daring and deadly French
duke who crushed his English enemies and crowned
himself king.
Stats
• Circa: 1066
• Age: 38
• Height: 5'10"
• Weight: 212 Lbs
Weapons
• Short Range: Norman Broadsword
• Medium Range: Crossbow
• Long Range: Torsion Catapult
• Armor: Chainmail Hauberk
• Tactics: Feigned Retreat
Bio
Joan of Arc, the teenaged French fighter whose
battlefield heroics defeated England's superior army, and
ended the Hundred Years War;
Stats
• Circa: 1429
• Age: 17
• Height: 5‘4"
• Weight: 125 Lbs
Weapons
• Short Range: French Arming Sword
• Medium Range: Steel Crossbow
• Long Range: Siege Cannon
• Armor: Plate Armor
• Tactics: Audacity