Transcript Renaissance PowerPoint

Italian Politics
1400-1550 CE
Duchy of Milan
Controlled by governors from two rich families.
House of Visconti (1314-1447)
House of Sforza (1450-1537)
The Duke of Milan
Very wealthy → attracted the likes of Leonardo da Vinci
Republic of Venice
Longest Republic in History (697-1797)
Economics: Most wealthy city in Europe
Extensive trade policies
Government:
An oligarchical structure based upon wealth and voting rights
for those families.
Republic of Florence
The Medici Family
Cosimo (1434-1464) and Lorenzo (1469-1492)
Contributed to the rise of Florence by the use of
patronage.
The family, who controlled the entire banking system of
Florence, would use their power and influence to
support artists and other public works.
The Papal States
German Relationship:
Papal States was seen as co-equal dependency of the Holy
Roman Empire.
The Pope’s authority over the area was “absolute”
In reality, the Pope only had marginal control over the Papal
States.
It was typically controlled by local princes who swore
allegiance to the Church and Papal authority.
The Kingdom of Naples
Controlled all of Southern Italy and the island of
Sicily
The only Italian state controlled by an Absolute
Monarch.
Life in Naples:
The King and nobility subjugated the people
The Renaissance did not really impact this area.
Warfare on the Peninsula
New Political Reality:
The Balance of Power - none of the Italian states wanted
one state to be more powerful than the others.
Barbarism
Most Italians saw other Europeans as Barbarians.
But they were unwilling to work together against them.
Often small wars would break out amongst the states
Niccolo Machiavelli
Florentine statesman and ambassador
The Prince
Focus on obtaining, maintaining, and expanding power
Father of Political Realism
Rulers should focus on practical gains, not moral duty
Humans are selfish Egotists
“It is much safer to be feared than loved”
“If an injury must be done to a man, it should be so severe
that his vengeance need not be feared.”
The Renaissance
The 3 Major Tenets
Individualism (def):
Social theory that favors the freedom of individual actors over
State or collective control.
Secularism (def):
The belief that religious institutions and religious dogma
should not influence government, educational, and other
public institutions.
Humanism (def):
A world view that attaches its primary focus on the human
potential and value, rather than those phenomenon
associated with divine or supernatural origin.
Renaissance and Education
Guiding principle: Education can transform the
human being and human existence.
The Humanities or Liberal studies:
Art, Music, History, Moral Philosophy, Rhetoric, Grammar,
Logic, Poetry, Mathematics, and Astronomy
Johannes Gutenberg
Built the first printing press in 1450
The Gutenberg Bible
Renaissance and the Arts
Patron system
Often wealthy families, like the de Medicis, would
artists.
sponsor
Mediums
Sketching, Painting, Sculpture, Music, and Literature
Themes
Religion, nature, the human form, mathematics, perspective,
everyday existence
Major figures
Donatello, Botticelli, da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Titian,
Andrea Gabrieli
Portrait of a Young Man by Botticelli
Palazzo Pitti in Florence
Primavera by Botticelli
Uffizi Gallery in Florence
The Birth of Venus by Botticelli
Uffizi Gallery in Florence
Portrait of Pope Julius II by Raphael
National Gallery in London
The School of Athens by Raphael
Apostolic Palace in Vatican City
Equestrian Portrait of Charles V by Titian
Museo del Prado in Madrid
David by Michelangelo
Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze in Florence
Creation of Adam by Michelangelo
Sistine Chapel in Vatican City
Last Judgment by Michelangelo
Sistine Chapel in Vatican City
The Vitruvian Man by Leonardo da Vinci
Accademia in Venice
St. John the Baptist by Leonardo da Vinci
The Louvre in Paris
Virgin of the Rocks by Leonardo da Vinci
The Louvre in Paris
The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci
Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci
The Louvre in Paris
The Northern Renaissance
Driven by pure empirical observation.
“You see what the artist saw”
Focused on the emotions involved with religious
experience.
The artwork was more intense
Major figures:
Jan van Eyck
Albrecht Durer
Guillaume Dufay
Arnolfini Portrait by Jan van Eyck
National Gallery in London
Durer Self-portrait by Albrecht Durer
Alte Pinakothek in Munich
Divergent Philosophies
Neoplatonism:
God is an ideal spirit and we should aspire to live and love in
accordance with the Spirit.
Hermeticism:
Focused on occult practices such as astrology, alchemy and
magick.
Preached the idea of Pantheism = universe is not created by
the Divine, but rather the Divine itself.
Gnosticism = Neoplatonism + Hermeticism
The belief that the Hebrew God Yahweh is ignorant or evil.
Jesus was sent by the True God to deliver us.
European Monarchy
& the Church in the
Renaissance
England
King Henry V
English King whose victory at Agincourt secured him claim
to the French throne.
King Henry VI
A weak king, who came to power as an infant.
His rule led to a loss to France and a decline in England
War of the Roses
Due to Henry VI’s weakness, a rival Richard III of the House
of York laid claim to the Throne of England.
The House of Tudor and King Henry VII
After two Yorkist Kings, Henry VII leads a successful victory
and establishes the Tudor Monarchy
King Henry V
King Henry VI
Duke Richard of York
King Edward IV
King Richard III
King Henry VII
Spain
“ 5 Spanish Kingdoms”
Portugal, Grenada (Muslims in the South), Navarre, Castile
and Aragon
Unification of Spain
Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
Spain became devoutly Catholic
Destroyed the Kingdom of Grenada and forcibly expelled all
Muslims from southwestern Europe.
Forced Spanish Jews to convert or face expulsion or torture
by the Spanish Inquisition.
King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella
France
Aftermath of the Hundred Years’ War
Depopulated, impoverished, weak monarchy
Strong sense of a Common Enemy: England
The Estates General (legislative body)
Allows King Charles VII to tax the people in order to support
the military.
Charles the Bold
King Louis XI
Holy Roman Empire
The Habsburg Dynasty
One of the wealthiest families in all of Europe
Dynastic Marriages
By marrying members of other noble families, the Habsburgs
managed to gain territory without the use of an army.
Many of these marriages angered the French monarchs →
intensifying an already old rivalry.
Maximilian I
Tried to centralize power, but local princes would not allow
him.
Emperor Frederick III
Emperor Maximilian I
Problems in Eastern Europe
Very difficult to centralize behind a strong leader.
Poland
Constantly at War; Strong noble class made King weak.
Bohemia
The Hussite Wars
Hungary
RCC dominated, except for King Matthias Corvinus
Russia
Dominated by Mongols until Ivan III overthrew them in 1480
Fall of Constantinople
The Byzantine Empire, though drastically smaller,
maintained its control over the city of
Constantinople.
That is until April 1453 when Ottoman Turk, Sultan
Mehmed II captured the city.
After this event, defense of “Christendom” fell to the
kings of Hungary and Wallacia.
None is more famous than Vlad III of Wallacia, whose
sadistic love of impaling his enemies earned him the
nickname Vlad the Impaler.
Renaissance Church
The Pope
Many popes were actively involved in politics, especially Pope
Julius II.
The Church and Nepotism
Popes gave family members powerful positions in the Church
Alexander VI even had a son.
Attempts to gain secular support
Church supported many Renaissance artists
Council of Constance was convened to reform the Church.
Ultimately, the Church lost much of its Worldly power
Heresy
The Spanish Inquisition
Established in 13th Century for dealing with Heretics.
Lollardy
Led by Englishman John Wycliffe, he believed the Bible to be
the chief source of authority and rejected the Pope’s power.
Hussites
Bohemian Jon Hus admired Lollards; voiced strong
opposition; called to the Council of Constance; arrested and
then burned @ stake; death led to the Hussite Wars
Back before there were laws against cruel and unusual punishment,
people got quite creative with their torture methods. Wheel torture,
also called the breaking wheel, is a prime example of medieval torture
creativity. The (un)lucky person who got the privilege of taking a ride
on the wheel was in for an interesting ride. Their limbs were strapped
to the spokes, and the wheel turned very slowly. Through openings in
spokes, they were hit with an iron hammer by some person who loved
their job much too much, and this hammer had no problem breaking
bones. Once their limbs were broken, they were left to be nibbled away
by the cute little birdies waiting in the tree.
-Cracked.com
Top 10 Most Gruesome Torture Methods
Life in the
Renaissance
Flourishing Trade
Economic Recovery after Plague
Led to a growing trade community in Europe.
Hanseatic League
German, Danish, Lithuanian, Swedish, and Dutch port towns
that collaborated together in order to mutually benefit each
other.
Rivaled Venetian traders
Industry & Banking
Textiles
Especially important in Florence and Flanders (Belgium)
Luxury Manufacturing
Silk (from China), glassware, velvet embroidery.
Other “New” Industries
Printing → Think Gutenberg
Mining & Metallurgy
Banking
The Medici Family
The Nobles
A Landed Aristocracy
Only consisted of 2-3% of the population
Held positions close to the Monarch
Keep power through education
The Exemplary Noble Gentleman
Castiglione: Cool mind, good voice, proper manners,
courteous gestures
Warrior spirit, athletic, good knowledge of the humanities
“Those Peasants”
Rural Europe and the Decline of Serfdom
For lords it is easier to pay serfs and give them freedom; then
charge rent to live and work on the land.
85-90% of Europeans were peasants
Urban Hierarchy
The Patricians → Rich investors who owned shops,
industries, and property.
The Burghers → Those who ran the shops and industries
owned by the Patricians.
The Paupers → The menial laborers who worked for little pay
in the shops and industries.
Slavery in the Renaissance?
Spain
Muslims enslaved Christians
Christians enslaved Muslims during the Reconquista
Italy
Plague led to the economic necessity of cheap labor
Afterward → sex slaves, Eastern Europeans, and Turks
Portuguese
Began to slowly enslave African POWs from tribal warfare.
Marriage
Arranged Marriages
Typically done well in advance
Done for political or economic reasons
The Dowry
Given by the bride’s family to pay for the groom’s family
taking of her into their house.
The Husband and Father
Sole authority over the household
He managed finances and determined when his children were
free from his authority through a court procedure known as
emancipation.
Children
Role of the Mother
Peasant and Pauper women did not have as many children
Middle & Upper class women had A LOT of children, mostly
due to the use of a Wet Nurse.
Childbirth and Infant Mortality
Childbirth was painful and deadly. 10% of women died.
1:2 children died within the first 3 years of life
The Male Heir
Middle & Upper class women tried to have as many kids as
possible to conceive a male heir
Sex
Outside of Marriage
Arranged marriages often led to extramarital affairs.
Extramarital sex was expected by Princes, frowned upon by
men, and deadly for women.
Brothels were very profitable businesses.
The Primary method of birth control was coitus interruptus.