Transcript Reformation_PPT - Cohasset Public Schools

The Protestant
Reformation
1517-1648
Unit Objectives
• To understand the causes of the split
in Western Christianity
• To understand the underlying
differences between Catholicism and
Protestantism
• To understand the results and
relevance of the Protestant
Reformation on Western society
Holy Roman Empire in 1500
• Located in modern
day Germany
• Not a united nation
but a patchwork of
independent states
• Each State had its
own Prince
• The Ruler of the Holy
Roman Empire was
Charles V (Catholic)
The Catholic Church in 1500
• The Catholic Church was the most powerful
institution in Europe
• Held the monopoly on information and
education and owned a great deal of
property
• People resented the wealth of the Church
• The Church and Clergy did not pay taxes
• The Church was corrupt!
The Catholic Church
Headquarters = Rome
Power of the Pope:
• Head of the Catholic
Church
• Occupies God’s
position on earth
(above any earthly
power)
• Infallible
What Catholics Believe
The Seven Sacraments:
Baptism
Eucharist (mass/communion)
Confirmation
Confession
Anointing of the Sick – Last rites
Holy Orders – men to become priests
Marriage
Height of Papal Corruption
Who?
Pope Leo X 1513-1521
What did he do?
Depleted Papal coffers
Money needed for
St. Peter’s reconstruction
Solution:
Sale of Church offices
Sale of indulgences
Pope Leo X with cardinals
Giulio de' Medici and
Luigi de' Rossi by Raphael
• Prior to the Reformation all
Christians were Roman Catholic
• The Reformation was an attempt to
REFORM the Catholic Church
• Martin Luther and others wanted to
get rid of the corruption and restore
people’s faith in the church, not
start a separate church
Martin Luther 1483-1546
•
•
•
•
Born in 1483 in Eisleben, Germany
Became a monk in 1505
Moved to Wittenberg, Germany in 1511
Troubled by the sale of indulgences
Luther’s Issues with the Catholic
Church
• Luther had two major problems with
the Catholic Church:
• Indulgences
• Justification
• Luther believed that the Bible was
the ultimate authority - not the pope
or clergy
• Of the seven sacraments only
Baptism and Holy Communion
were found in the Bible
• He also came to believe in
justification through faith alone
not faith and good works
What was an Indulgence?
• A Papal pardon for sins
• A lessening of the time a soul would have
to spend in purgatory
– Purgatory = a place where souls too impure
to enter heaven atoned for sins committed
during their lifetime
• According to Luther, indulgences had no
basis in the Bible and the Pope had no
authority to release souls from purgatory
Martin Luther’s Actions
Luther posted his 95 Theses on the door of the castle
church in Wittenberg, Germany on October 31, 1517
His intent was to reform the Catholic Church,
not create a separate one
How Did Word Spread So
Quickly?
Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it
possible for Luther to spread his beliefs
Copy of Luther’s 95 Theses from Gutenberg's Press
Reaction To Luther
• Gained support from
people (including the
princes in the HRE)
• Gained criticism from
Church
• Millions converted
Luther’s Showdown with the
Church
• Pope Leo X issued a Papal Bull of
Excommunication
– Papal Bull = Official document issued by the
Pope
• Luther was ordered to recant (take back) his
teachings
• Luther burned the Papal Bull
• Excommunicated!
• This behavior caused a conclusive and
irrevocable break with Rome
The Diet of Worms - April 1521
• Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, summoned
Luther to a diet in the city of Worms
– Diet = assembly or meeting of German princes
• Luther was asked again to recant – he still refused
• Charles V issued the Edict of Worms
Luther at the Diet
of Worms
By Anton von
Werner
Edict of Worms
• Declared Luther an outlaw
• It was a crime to give Luther shelter
or food
• Frederick the Wise, Elector of
Saxony hid Luther in his castle
• Spent his time translating the
New Testament into German
(Vernacular!)
• This spread his beliefs even further
• Greatly contributed to the
development of the written German
language
A New Name
Lutherans started using the name
“Protestant”
for those who protested papal authority
The Peace of Augsburg 1555
• The Protestant Reformation divided Germany
politically
• Princes in Germany converted to Protestantism,
ending authority of the Pope in their states
• Charles V, the Emperor of the HRE tried to force
Princes to accept Catholicism again, with little
success
The Peace of Augsburg:
• Recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion
• A Prince could decide if his realm was to be
Lutheran of Catholic
Timeline of the Early Reformation
• 1517: Luther posts his 95 theses on the
door of the Wittenburg church
• 1518: Zwingli gains control of Zurich
• 1521: Diet of Worms condemns Luther
• 1534: Henry VIII declared “Supreme head
of the Church and Clergy of England”
• 1536: Calvin gains control of Geneva
Reformation in France:
John Calvin-Calvinist Tradition
•Literal interpretation of
the Bible
•Predestination
•Faith revealed by living
a righteous life
•Expansion of the
Protestant Movement
Predestination
• Calvin set forth the idea of Predestination
– God decided at the beginning of time who
would go to heaven after death and who would
not
• Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva,
Switzerland in 1536
– Theocracy = government run by church leaders
Reformation in England
Henry VIII: The Anglican Tradition
• Henry VIII – King of England
• Roman Catholic
• Opposed Luther’s beliefs
• Named ‘Defender of the Faith’ by Pope
Leo X
• Reformer due to circumstance
not personal beliefs
Henry VIII Needs a Divorce!
• Catholic Church does not permit divorce
• Marriage to Catherine of Aragon did not produce
male heir only a girl - Mary Tudor
• Henry needed a male to preserve his throne
• Henry asked the Pope for an annulment so he
could marry someone who could give him a male
heir
• The Pope denied his request
• By 1534, Henry had created the Church of
England and established his own supremacy
over it
The King’s Affair
• By 1527, Henry was thoroughly
enamored of Anne Bolyn, one of
Catherine’s ladies in waiting. He
determined to put Catherine
aside and take Anne as his wife.
This he could not do in Catholic
England, however, without papal
annulment of the marriage to
Catherine. The year 1527 was
also the year when soldiers of
the Holy Roman Empire mutinied
and sacked Rome. The reigning
Pope Clement VII was at the
time a prisoner of Charles V, who
happened also to be Catherine’s
nephew.
The Reformation Parliament
• When the king’s advisors
could not obtain a papal
annulment, they conceived of
a plan to declare the king
supreme in English spiritual
affairs as he was in English
temporal affairs. In 1529,
Parliament convened for what
would be a seven-year
session that earned it the title
the “Reformation Parliament.”
Head of the Church of England
• In January 1531, the
Convocation (a
legislative assembly
representing the
English clergy)
publicly recognized
Henry as Head of the
Church in England
“as far as the law of
Christ allows.”
Marriage to Anne Boleyn
• In January 1533,
Henry wed the
pregnant Anne
Boleyn, with
Thomas Cranmer
officiating.
King the Highest Court of Appeal
• In February 1533.
Parliament made
the King the
Highest Court of
Appeal for all
English subjects.
Invalidation of First Marriage
• In March 1533.
Cranmer became
archbishop of
Canterbury and led
the Convocation in
invalidating the
King’s marriage to
Catherine.
Ended Payments to Rome/Church
Appointments
• In 1534. Parliament
ended all payments
by the English
clergy and laity to
Rome and gave
Henry sole
jurisdiction over
high ecclesiastical
appointments.
Acts of Succession & Supremacy
• The Act of Succession in the
same year made Anne Boleyn’s
children legitimate heirs to the
throne and the Act of
Supremacy declared Henry “the
only supreme head on earth of
the Church of England. When
Thomas More and John fisher,
Bishop of Rochester, refused to
recognize the Act of Succession
and the Act of Supremacy,
Henry had them executed,
making clear his determination
to have his way regardless of
the cost.
Dissolution of the Monasteries
• In 1538. Parliament
dissolved
England’s
monasteries and
convents.
The Six Wives of Henry VIII
• To satisfy his desires and to secure a
male heir, Henry married six times:
– His marriage to CATHERINE OF
ARAGON was annulled 1533.
– In 1536, ANNE BOLEYN was
executed for alleged treason and
adultery and her daughter Elizabeth
was declared illegitimate.
– JANE SEYMOUR died in 1537 shortly
after giving birth to the future Edward
VI.
– Henry wed ANNE OF CLEVES sight
unseen on the advice of Cromwell, the
purpose being to create by the
marriage an alliance with the
Protestant princes. The marriage was
annulled by Parliament and Cromwell
was dismissed and eventually
executed.
– CATHERINE HOWARD was
beheaded for adultery in 1542.
– Henry’s last wife, CATHERINE PARR,
a patron of humanists and reformers,
survived him.
Religious Conservatism
• Despite the break with Rome,
Henry remained decidedly
conservative in his religious
beliefs. With the TEN ARTICLES
of 1536, he made only mild
concessions to Protestant tenets,
otherwise maintaining Catholic
doctrine in a country filled with
Protestant sentiments. Despite his
many wives and amorous
adventures, Henry absolutely
FORBADE THE ENGLISH
CLERGY TO MARRY and
threatened any clergy who were
caught twice in concubinage with
execution.
Six Articles
• Angered by the growing
popularity of Protestant
views, even among his
chief advisers, Henry
struck directly at them in
the Six Articles of 1539.
These articles:
– Reaffirmed
Transubstantiation.
– Denied the Eucharistic cup
to the laity.
– Declared celibate vows
inviolable.
– Provided for private
masses.
– Ordered the continuation of
Edward VI (1547-1553)
•
When Henry died, his son and successor, Edward VI,
was only ten years old. Under the regencies of the
duke of Somerset and the duke of Northumberland,
England fully enacted the Protestant Reformation.
– During Somerset’s regency, Henry’s Six Articles and
laws against heresy were repealed and clerical marriage
and communion with cup were sanctioned.
– In 1547, the chantries, places where endowed masses
had traditionally been said for the dead, were dissolved.
– In 1549, the Act Of Uniformity imposed Thomas
Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer on all English
churches.
– Images and altars were removed from the churches in
1550.
– The Second Act Of Uniformity, passed in 1552, imposed
a revised edition of the Book of Common Prayer on all
English churches.
– A Forty-Two-Article Confession of Faith, also written by
Thomas Cranmer, was adopted, setting forth a
moderate Protestant doctrine.:
• It taught justification by faith and the Supremacy of Holy
Scripture.
• It denied transubstantiation (although not real presence).
• It recognized only two sacraments
Mary I (1553-1558)
• In 1533, Catherine
of Aragon’s daughter
succeeded Edward
(who had died in his
teens) to the English
throne as Mary I and
proceeded to restore
Catholic doctrine
and practice.
Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
• It was not until the reign
of Anne Boleyn’s
daughter, Elizabeth I,
that a lasting religious
settlement was worked
out in England.
Elizabeth merged a
centralized Episcopal
system, which she firmly
controlled, with broadly
defined Protestant
doctrine and traditional
Catholic ritual.
Supreme Governor
– In 1559, an Act of
Supremacy passed
parliament,
repealing all the
anti-Protestant
legislation of Mary
Tudor and asserting
Elizabeth’s right as
“supreme governor”
over both spiritual
and temporal
affairs.
Act of Uniformity
– In the same year, the
Act of Uniformity
mandated a revised
version of the second
Book of Common
Prayer for every
English parish.
Thirty-Nine Articles
– In 1563, the
issuance of the
Thirty-Nine Articles
of Religion, made a
moderate
Protestantism the
official religion
within the Church of
England.
Branches of Christianity
CHRISTIANITY
Protestant
Roman
Catholicism
Eastern
Orthodox
Lutheran
Martin
Luther
Anglican
Henry VIII
Calvinist
John
Calvin
Puritan
Huguenots
Presbyterian
The Protestant Reformation Map
Results
• In the end reformers like Luther
established their own non-Catholic
traditions
• The Reformation caused a permanent
split in Christianity with the formation of
new Protestant faiths