Transcript The Reformation - Monroe Township School

The Reformation
A Need For Reform
• The age of church reform was dominated
by 4 great kings:
a) Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547)
b) Francis I of France (r. 1515-1547)
c) Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 15201566)
d) Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (r.
1519-1556)
• The idea of reforming the Catholic Church was not
new
• The prestige of the Church had been damaged by the
Great Schism (1378-1417), the Babylonian Captivity,
and the abuses of the clergy
• English cleric John Wyclif had questioned the
authority of the pope and rejected transubstantiation
• Bohemia theologian Jan Hus was burnt at the stake
• Even Erasmus criticized the Church, but he never
advocated separation
• In theory the pope was the most powerful man in
Europe
• But with the emergence of the new monarchs and the
nation-states the power of the papacy was eroded
• The Italian and Christian humanists denounced the
corruption of the Church
a) clerical immorality
b) clerical ignorance
c) Clerical pluralism – holding more than one Church
office at a time
d) Simony – the selling of Church positions
e) Nepotism – appointing family members to highranking positions
• At the village level priests were not much better off
than peasants
• Government officials were often rewarded with clerical
positions
• Popes were just as corrupt:
• Leo X – “God has given us the papacy – let us enjoy
it!”
• Innocent VIII made the papal court the gossip of
Europe
• Paul II was known as the “happy father”
• Paul III made two grandsons cardinals
• Alexander VI publicly acknowledged his mistress and
children
• Julius II led an army against France
• Many priest had concubines, drunkenness, gambling,
and elaborate dress were common
• Many priests could barely read or write
• Christian humanists condemned the ignorance of the Church
• The Church held a large portion of European wealth and large
tracts of the most valuable land
• Germany was part of the Holy Roman Empire and it was a
region with weak borders and many rulers
• Few believed in religious freedom, but anti-Roman feelings
were strong
• Europe was still deeply religious and many groups i.e. “The
Brethern of Common Life” wanted reform
• The Lateran Council of 1512-17 did recommend changes - but
there were many obstacles
• Martin Luther would force the issue
Martin Luther
• Born in East Germany from peasant stock
• Almost hit by lightning and he saw it as a sign from
God
• Entered the strict Augustinian monastery against his
father’s wishes
• Disillusioned with the Church questioned good works:
prayers, fasting, etc.
• Despite being a monk he worried about achieving
salvation
– The Tower Experience- read Apostle Paul’s letter to the
Romans (1:17)
– “The just shall live by his faith” if people had faith God will
save them
– Salvation would come from Jesus as a gift to those who had
faith
• Archbishop Albert of Mainz hired John Tetzel to
oversee the collection of funds for the construction of
St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome – Indulgences
• A person could purchase indulgences and reduce the
amount of time they, or a family member would have
to spend in purgatory
• Indulgences based on:
a) God is merciful and just
b) Christ has a treasury of merit
c) The Church has the authority to grant remission of sins
• English humanist John Colet said the Church was a
“money machine”
• Luther openly criticized the abuses of indulgences
Indulgences
• October 31, 1517, he posted his 95 theses on the
Castle Church in Wittenberg to challenge the church
to debate the issue (Is this merely lore??)
• Spread without Luther’s knowledge
• In 1519 Luther debated the question with Johannes
Eck and claimed the pope was not infallible
• Eck claimed that Luther shared the same views as
the heretic Jan Hus – who had been burned at the
stake
• In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther for
heresy
• In 1520 Luther wrote Appeal to the Christian Nobility
of the German Nation asking them to reform the
Church
95 Theses
• Pope Leo X did not take the threat seriously he
thought Luther would disappear, but Luther publicly
burned the papal bull
• The Augustinians championed reform and supported
Luther, the Dominican attacked Luther’s views.
• The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who had just
become the emperor in 1519 ordered Luther to
appear at the Diet of Worms
• The Diet order Luther to recant
• Luther refused to modify his views and said “Here I
stand. I cannot do otherwise”
• The Diet condemned Luther and the pope, with the
agreement of Charles V, issued the Edict of Worms
(1521) declaring Luther a heretic and prohibiting him
from preaching in the empire
Diet of Worms
• Luther was kidnapped for his own protection and
returned to Wittenberg under the protection of
Frederick the Wise- Wartburg Castle
• In Wittenberg Luther began reforming the Church
• Under pressure Luther’s views became more critical
• Luther:
• a) defended the radical martyr Hus
b) Proclaimed the Bible was the supreme authority
c) Appealed to the German nobles to stop the abuses
of the church
d) Recognized good work but emphasized faith
• In 1522 Luther translated the New Testament into
German and in 1534 the Old Testament
• In 1524 the peasants, who misunderstood Luther’s
message revolted against the landowners
• The peasants thought independence meant an end to
serfdom
• Luther attacked the peasants in his Against the
Murdering, Thieving Hordes of Peasants and advised
the princes to crush the revolt
• Religion was put aside until the revolt was
suppressed
• Because the Holy Roman Emperor faced a larger
problem with the Muslims he could not devote all his
energies to Germany
• Charles V, the strongest defender of Catholicism was
too busy worrying about the Muslims in the East and
Francis I of France in the West to devote time and
energy against Luther
• Francis I was happy to see Luther causing so many
problems for the Habsburgs
• In 1526 the Turks defeated the Hungarians at the
Mohác in Hungary – forcing Charles to make
concessions to the German princes for their support
• In 1530- German Princes and Free Territories
appeared before Charles V at the Diet of Augsburg
– They presented their ideas about faith in what was
known as the Confession of Augsburg
– Philip Melanchthon implemented Luther’s ideas
• The Diet refused to accept such ideas
• In 1531 several German princes formed the
Schmalkaldic League – a religious and military
alliance against the Catholic Habsburgs
• Religious wars did not start until 1546 – the year of
Luther’s death
Luther believed:
a) salvation comes by faith alone
(Romans 1:17)
b) religious authority resides in the Bible and is open to
interpretation
c) the church is a community of believers
d) all vocations are equal in the eyes of God
e) there are only 2 sacraments: baptism and the Lord’s Supper
f) the importance of marriage
– (Luther married Katerina von Bora and had 6 children)
– g) a women’s place was in the home
• Still religion was a public matter
• Very few believed in religious liberty
• Humanists validated Luther’s words
• While Luther’s translation of the Bible into German made it an
issue of nationalism
• In 1555 the Lutherans and the Catholics agreed to the
Peace of Augsburg – cuius regio, eius religio
• Northern Germany -Protestant
Southern Germany - Catholic
• The Protestant movement proved a disaster for
Germany
Empire of Charles V
The Empire of Philip II
Zwingli
• In Zurich a humanist and Catholic priest Ulrich Zwingli wanted
the Church to reform itself
• He preached that salvation could be achieved through faith
alone and that the scriptures should be the basis of religious
practice
• In 1519 he led the Church at Zurich to break from Rome
• He advocated the need for simple services and, unlike Luther
claimed that Communion involved symbols of Christ
• The issue of Communion became the first division among the
Protestants
• Zwingli was killed by Catholics at the battle of Kappel in 1531
Anabaptists
• They were identified as a very radical sect
• They believed:
only adults should be baptized
• All believers were equal
• They appealed to the lower classes
• Believed the ‘road to God was through suffering’
• They were wiped out in Germany, moved to Poland,
then to the Netherlands, eventually to the United
States
John Calvin
Calvinism
• John Calvin was the person most responsible for the
spread of Protestantism
• He was born in France and about 20 years younger
than Luther
• Calvin became a Protestant but developed his own
ideas
• In 1536 he established a theocracy in Geneva
• Agreed with Luther that the Bible was the only
acceptable source and that there were only two
sacraments
• Absolute rule by Calvin and the Consistory
• In 1536 Institutes of Christian Religion was published
• Did not believe in free will
• Predestination – only those pre-selected by God with
gain salvation
• Since God had created the universe he had a plan for
everyone
• Those who would be saved were called the Elect
• Calvin believed in simple services
• He advocated a puritanical approach to life – he
banned dancing, gambling, swearing and the
consumption of alcohol
• Violators were severely punished
• Michael Servetus burnt at the stake for denying the
divinity of Jesus Christ
• The Calling – Protestant work ethic
• Spread to Scotland, France, England and America
Geneva
Reformation map
ENGLISH
REFORMATION
The Tudors of England
The King’s Great Matter
• According to Peter Gay “On the Continent the Reformation
began with religion and ended with politics; in England it began
with politics and ended with religion”
• English humanists had been wanting reform
• 1509 Henry VIII became the king aged 18
• Henry was strongly Catholic and had been trained as a priest
• In 1521 the pope gave him the title “defensor fidei” (defender
of the faith) for criticizing Luther
• Luther called him a “lubberly ass”
Henry VIII
• Catherine of Aragon and Arthur Tudor were married
by proxy in 1501
• In 1509 Henry was given special permission from
Pope Julius II to marry Catherine of Aragon who had
been married to Henry’s older brother, Arthur –
Arthur had died. Henry kept the dowry
• Catherine was 5 years older than Henry
• Henry had numerous affairs, including one with Anne
Boleyn’s sister, but he needed for the queen to have
a son
Catherine of Aragon
• Daughter of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of
Spain
• Catholic, but preferred living in England to Spain
• She had five daughters, only Mary survived
• Henry asked Pope Clement VII to grant a divorce
claiming the marriage was invalid because a man was
not permitted to marry his brother’s widow
• Cardinal Wolsey, Henry’s chief minister pushed the
matter but the pope was reluctant to act
Because:
1. Charles V was Catherine’s nephew and he dominated Italy at
the time
2. Leviticus said a man who married his brother’s wife would be
childless
3. Lutheranism
4. Papal infallibility
•
The “matter” took six years
•
Henry replaced Wolsey with Thomas More, who also refused
to go against the Catholic Church
•
Thomas Cranmer was made the new Archbishop of
Canterbury because he promised success
•
In May 1533 Cranmer granted Henry a divorce – in June
Anne Boleyn gave birth
• Henry issued The Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533), which
made the king supreme head of England
• The Act of Submission of the Clergy (1534), clergy must
submit to the monarch
• The Supremacy Act, (1534) made the king head of the Church
of England
• Separated Church of England from the Roman Catholic
Church
• In 1535 Thomas More and John Fisher, the bishop of
Rochester refused to swear loyalty to the king and were
beheaded
• Catherine still remained loyal to him and the Catholic faith and
remained in England to raise her Catholic daughter
• In 1536 Henry dissolved the smaller monasteries and in
1539 dissolved the rest – he sold the land to his friends and
supporters
• By removing the monasteries Henry was able to eliminate
the centers of opposition
• Also in 1536 the Catholics of northern England formed the
Pilgrimage of Grace to protest, but Henry easily suppressed
the revolt
• Most Englishmen supported the king because they resented
the power of the Catholic Church
• In 1539 Parliament passed the Act of Six Articles which was
actually very Catholic – including, anyone denying
transubstantiation could be burned at the stake
Anne Boleyn
• Had been a Maid of honor to Catherine
• Her sister had already had an affair with Henry and
she had given birth to an illegitimate son
• 2nd wife and most famous wife
• Bore him a daughter - Elizabeth I, who was raised
Protestant
• In 1536, charged Anne of adultery
• Beheaded on May 19, 1536
Jane Seymour
• Third wife
• Protestant
• King Edward VI
Edward VI
• Only son of Henry
• His mother died of child bed fever
• Became king at ten so the country was ruled by a
series of protectors
• Had been tutored by Protestants so the country
became firmly Protestant
• In 1549 Thomas Cranmer wrote the Book of
Common Prayer
• Died in 1553
Mary Tudor
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Became queen after Edward died
Devoted Catholic and daughter of Catherine of Aragon
Married her cousin Philip II of Spain, the son of Charles V
Nicknamed “Bloody Mary” because of her persecution of
Protestants – (roughly 300 including Thomas Cranmer)
• Even Charles V disapproved of her persecution of Protestants
because he wanted to use England as an ally
• By 1554 she had repealed all the religious legislation passed
by Henry VIII and Edward VI
• Very unpopular with the English people – died in 1558
Elizabeth of York
• Daughter of Anne Boleyn and the last Tudor monarch
• Became queen of England in 1558 and focused on creating
national unity
• Protestant, but tolerant (politique) – repealed many of the laws
passed during the reign of Mary
• In 1563 “Elizabethan Settlement” required conformity
• In 1563 the Thirty Nine Articles became the basis of the
Anglican Church
• In 1567 a revolt in Scotland led to Mary Queen of Scots
abdicating and fleeing to England and James VI being the new
Scottish king
• Mary was the great-granddaughter of Henry VII and
had a claim to the English throne
• For over 20 years she was implicated in plots to kill
Elizabeth
• In 1587 Elizabeth had her beheaded
• Many people thought Elizabeth did not go far enough
to remove Catholic influence
• These people wanted to purify the Anglican church
• Other Protestants wanted to leave the church
altogether they were known as Separatists
SCOTLAND
• Did not follow the English model
• Mary Queen of Scots allied with the French
• Scottish nobles supported the Protestants and John
Knox
• Knox persuaded Parliament to end papal
supremacy in Scotland
• Established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland
IRELAND
• Ireland was dominated by the English Parliament and
a few English landowners
• They also severed ties with Rome and recognized the
English king as sovereign over the Church
• Most Irish remained Catholic
The Catholic Reformation
• The Lateran Council (1512) had told Julius II to
reform the church
• Adrian VI wanted reform but he was Dutch
(1522-1523)
– Last non-Italian pope until John Paul II
• Popes resisted reform because they feared a
loss of power and revenue
The Catholic Reformation
• Also, known as the Counter-Reformation
• Began in 1517 in response to calls for
reform
• Didn’t really have an affect until the 1540s
• Catholic Church wanted to persuade
dissidents to return to the church
• At the request of Charles V, Pope Paul III called the
Council of Trent in 1545
• The council met sporadically until 1563
• Decided:
a) 7 sacraments
b) Bishops had to reside in their dioceses
c) Suppressed pluralism and simony
d) Churches had to establish seminaries
e) The Index of Prohibited Books
• Great emphasis was placed on discipline
• The Council did not meet expectations but it did
correct the church
Pope Paul III
Council of Trent
1534-1549
• New religious orders appeared, such as the Jesuits and the
Ursuline nuns
• These orders emphasized strict Catholic dogma to lift up the
spiritual condition of the clergy and laity
• In 1540 Pope Paul III established the Jesuits (The Society of
Jesus) with Ignatius Loyola in charge
• Loyola wrote Spiritual Exercises which advocated total
obedience to God
• The Jesuits emphasized education, especially to the young and
they went on missions
• They became very influential with Catholic monarchs and
nobles
• The Ursuline order was only for women
Peter Paul Rubens- 1619
Loyola
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Teresa of Avila
1515-1582 (Made Saint in 1970)
The Way of Perfection
Spanish- Family “New Christians”
Resolved to a found reformed houseCarmelites
– Poverty and Charity
– Strict Enclosure
– Egalitarian Atmosphere (no class
distinctions)
– Great emphasis on obedience
Bernini
Inquisition
• The most feared weapon of the Catholic Reformation
was the inquisition
• Spanish and Roman Inquisition used torture to gain
confessions
• By 1560 Spain, France, Italy, and Austria were all
staunchly Catholic
• England, Germany, Sweden, and the Netherlands
were Protestant
• The issue of religion would dominate Europe for over
another century