Transcript 22 End of the middle ages

The End of the Middle Ages
14th Century
14th Century
• The “worst”
century in history
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Plague
War
Taxes
Bad government
Insurrection
Schism in the
church
• Led to innovations and
cultural changes
Changes in Society
• Society disintegrated in 14th and 15th C
• Great Chain of Being
– All people linked back to God through king
or pope
– Birth fixed one's place in society
– Social movements destroyed linkages
• Three estates all changed radically
– 1st = clergy (those who prayed)
– 2nd = nobility (those who ruled and fought)
– 3rd = peasants/serfs (those who work)
Changing Nature of the
Catholic Church – 1st Estate
• Status – 1300 AD
– Catholicism in all aspects of
everyone's life
– Beautiful cathedrals and other
works of art
– Corruption but that was
assumed to be minor and
purely individual (that is, not
institutional)
• Why did the Church resist
change?
Changing Nature of the
Catholic Church – 1st Estate
"The church is not susceptible of being
reformed in her doctrines…The church is
the work of God and, like all of God's
works, it is perfect…The church is
independent of any earthly power, not
merely in regard to her lawful end and
purpose, but also in regard to whatever
means she may deem suitable and
necessary to attain them."
–Stated by a 14th Century pope
Changes in the Clergy
• Corrupt Popes
– Money-making as a focus
• Simony
• Indulgences
• Dispensations (for a fee)
– Political power, military power
– Generally ignored rules of celibacy
Changes in the Clergy
• Bishops
– Distant from people
• confirmations on horseback
– Multiple benefices
• Priests
– Distant from people
• philosophical lectures
– Benedictines isolated in their abbeys
– Dominicans in universities
– Ignored celibacy rules
Symbols and Saints
• People adopted symbols
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Sign of the cross
Priests asked to bless things
Priest’s vestments
Relics
• Virgin Mary
• Saints
– Intermediaries between God
and mankind
The Babylonian Captivity
• Philip IV, the Fair (France)
– Wanted to tax the clergy
• Pope Boniface VIII
– Boniface originally not
elected but he forced hermit
pope to resign and was
then elected (and resented)
– Argued against Phillip's
taxes
– Issued the Bull Unan
Sanctum
“That there is one Holy Catholic and
Apostolic Church we are impelled by
our faith to believe and to hold – this
we do firmly believe and openly
confess – and outside of this there is
neither salvation or remission of
sins,… We moreover, proclaim,
declare, and pronounce that it is
altogether necessary to salvation for
every human being to be subject to
the Roman Pontiff.”
– The Bull Unam Sanctum of Boniface VIII
The Babylonian Captivity
• Council (French-backed) assembled to
judge Pope Boniface
– Accused of simony, heresy, blasphemy, murder,
sodomy, sorcery, failure to fast
– Dante puts Boniface in depths of Hell
• Boniface threatened to excommunicate
Philip
• Philip had Boniface arrested
– Boniface was 86 years old
– Public outcry forced Boniface's release
– Boniface died shortly thereafter
The Babylonian Captivity
• Philip forced the
election of Clement
V (Frenchman) as
Pope
• The Avignon Papacy
– 7 popes
– Corruption (money)
• Positions purchased
• Fee excused sins and
age requirements
• City of Rome fell
into ruin
France
Avignon
The Great Schism
• Catherine of Siena
– Recognized as a Saint
– Supported Papacy moving back to Rome
– Told the pope that if he died outside of Rome
his soul would go to hell
• Pope Gregory XI moved back to Rome
– New pope elected where the old pope died
• New pope elected in Rome
– Italian pope elected
– Promised to go back to Avignon but didn’t
– French cardinals elected another Pope
• Two popes excommunicated each other
• Europe was divided
The Great Schism
• Council held in Pisa
– Two Popes agreed to
resign and support a
new Pope
– After the new pope
was elected, the two
refused to resign
– Three papal claimants
– The pope named in
Pisa died
• New pope elected
and all supported him
After the Great Schism
• Continued Papal decline and
corruption
– Borgia family
– Model for Machiavelli’s Prince
• Results of papal corruption
– Lost faith in religious leaders
– Lost faith in church
– Church became less important
in people’s lives
– People and kings became open
to change
– Financially devastated
Changing Nature of the
Noble Class – 2nd Estate
• Who were the nobles
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Rulers
Warriors (knights)
Land holders
No need to work since
land or mercenary gave
income
– Lavish living
• Rules of Chivalry
– To regulate behavior of
the noble class
The Hundred Year's War
• Between England
and France
– English claims to
France through
heredity
– Wool trade of
Flanders
(Burgundians)
• Early battles won by
England
– Crécy
– Poitiers
– Agincourt
Changes in the Nature of
Warfare
• Tactics
– French: One-onone fighting
– English: Foot
soldiers and
archers
• Weapons
– Swords
– Crossbows
– Multi-arrow
machines
– Long bows
Hundred Years’ War
The Hundred Year's War
• Last phases of the war
– English troubled with War
of the Roses
– Joan of Arc
• Purpose for the war
• Legend to save France
coupled with mysticism
• Rallying point
– King of France assumes
leadership (reluctantly)
and French triumph
Changing Nature of the
Noble Class
• Consequences of the War
– People lost respect for knights
– Knights became outmoded method of
fighting
– Knights were a suppressed class
– Commoners were important in war
– Barons lost power to the king
– Nationalism was promoted
– Parliament gained control over money
Question – Take out paper and
pencil/pen
• Why do you think Joan of Arc made
such a difference in the outcome of
the Hundred Years War?
• What did she do that was creative?
Changing Nature of the
Common Class – 3rd Estate
• Growth of cities
– Paris
– Italian city states
• Emergence of artisans and merchants
– Money
– Ownership of property
• Rural peasant status
– Slaves/serfs numbers were decreasing
– Supplemented income (millers, tailors, etc.)
Changing Nature of the
Common Class
• Violence
– Peasant revolts
– The Jacquerie revolt (1358)
– Violence was accepted and
prevalent
– "Villain" from villager
• Changing role of women
– Women serfs added to family
income (gardens, home
crafts)
– Child bearing was frequent
– High infant mortality
The Black Death
• Famine in N. Europe
• Plague of 1347
– Sailors on ship from Crimea
– Disease spread through Europe
• Fleas harbored on black rats
– Symptoms (type 1)
• Black swellings (buboes)
• Buboes broke and oozed
• Intense pain and death in 5 days
– Symptoms (type 2)
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Continuous fever
Spitting of blood
Coughing and sweating
Death in 1-3 days
• Results
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Affected the 3rd estate most
Reduced labor force
Stronger bargaining position
Excess materials (cloth, tools, etc)
The Black Death
Technology
• Imported technologies from China and
Islamic lands
– Magnetic compasses
– Paper
– Eye glasses
• Mechanical clocks
– Put on civic buildings rather than churches
• Machine tools
• Spinning wheels
• Calendar reform
"[T]he calendar of the time contained two
errors. Its year (365.25 days) was 11
minutes and 8 seconds too long, which over
1,000 years amounted to seven days; and
the calculations that predicted the lunar
cycle were way out as well...[The proposal
was] to adopt a new lunar cycle, leave out
a week in the calendar...and omit leap year
every 304 years... Reform [came] when
Pope Gregory XIII introduced the
'Gregorian' calendar."
– Man, John, Gutenberg, John Wiley and
Sons, 2002, p.95-96.
Technology
• Printing
– Gutenberg’s invention
– Why Asians didn’t invent
moveable type
– Paper
– Stamping mold and patrixmatrix type casting
– Die alloy
– Printing press
– Printing ink
Why the Asians didn't invent moveable
type printing
• Asian writing systems were too complex: printing
needs an alphabetical base
• Established writing systems are intrinsically
conservative: on one [in Asia] was interested in
change...
• The paper was the wrong sort: Chinese paper was
[soft and therefore] suitable only for calligraphy or
block-printing
• There were no screw-based presses in the East,
because they were not wine-drinkers and didn't
have olives...
• Printing is expensive and in [Asia] there was no
system to release capital for research and
development"
– John Man, Gutenberg, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
2002, pp. 115
The Gutenberg Press
"Problems must have accumulated with every
trial, as type, ink, paper and pressure all
inter-reacted... Then, after printing, every
sheet had to be dried; not only the ink, but
the paper itself... How could pressure be
applied evenly? How much pressure applied
ink best? How soft or hard should the paper
be? What happened when different inks
reacted with different papers? How to apply
the inks so that there was enough to create
strong images, without filling up the little
holes in letters like e's and a's?"
– Man, John, Gutenberg, John Wiley and
Sons, 2002, p.135-136.
Technology
• Printing
– Products
• Indulgences
• The Bible
– Public more literate
– Paved the way for
Martin Luther
"Printing with movable type was both inspiration and
perspiration, an idea and an invention. The birth of
the idea sounds as if it ought to have been a sudden
revelation, a Eureka! moment like the one that
inspired Archimedes to leap from his bath with his
famous yell. But ideas seldom jump into the mind
from nowhere. If they do, like Leonardo da Vinci's
sketch for a helicopter, they remain science fictions
until technological advance makes them seem
prescient. Ideas are seeded in frameworks of
previous growths and need those same frameworks –
in this case, punch-making, casting, metallurgical
skills, wine- and oil-pressing, paper-making – to
flourish."
–John Man, Gutenberg, John Wiley and Sons, 2002,
p.122.
End of Middle Ages –
Creativity
• Changes in the church – negative
• Changes in the nobility – kings
gained power at expense of church
and minor nobles
• Changes in the commoners – much
gain in power and development of
technology helped
Thank You
The Hundred Years’ War,
1337-1453
First Phase, 1337-1364: English Ascendancy
1337 English King Edward III claimed French throne
1340 Flemish cities recognized Edward III as king of France
English victory in sea battle of Sluys
1346 English victory at Crécy. English control of northeastern
coast of France
1356 English victory at Poitiers and capture of French king
1360 Truce, French recognized English sovereignty over
southwest France and Calais
Second Phase, 1364-1380: French Revival
1364-1380 Campaigns by French general Bertrand du Guesclin.
English driven back to a few coastal enclaves
The Hundred Years’ War,
1337-1453
Third Phase, 1380-1429: Renewed English Invasion
1396-1413 Truce
1407 Beginning of civil war among French noble factions
1415 English victory (Henry V) at Agincourt. Henry V named
heir of French throne and marries French princess.
1422 English and Burgundians proclaim Henry VI king of
France and England.
1422 On death of Charles VI, his youngest son becomes
dauphine (not crowned)
Fourth Phase, 1429-1453: French Victory
14xx Charles, youngest son, becomes dauphine (not crowned)
1429 Victory of Joan of Arc at Orléans, against English
1430 Capture of Joan of Arc by Burgundians
1431 Burning of Joan of Arc as relapsed heretic
1435 Burgundians make peace with French
1435-1453 English driven from all of France except Calais