Transcript Chapter 10 New Agriculture

Chapter 10
New Agriculture
Food production
increased because of
political stability,
climate change,
inventions, and
innovation.
Inventions &
innovations included
the horseshoe, a
horse collar, the
Carruca, waterpower,
wind power, and the
three-field system.
A Carruca is a
heavy iron plow.
Manorial System
A new agriculture
system arose.
The “Manor” was
an agricultural
estate run by a
lord and worked
by peasants.
Serfs, or peasants
legally bound to
the land provided
rent and labor.
Peasants were
required to pay their
local village church
a tithe, which was
ten percent of their
produce.
Malachi 3:10
Bring ye all the tithes into the storehouse, that
there may be meat in mine house, and prove
me now herewith, saith the LORD of hosts, if I
will not open you the windows of heaven, and
pour you out a blessing, that there shall not be
room enough to receive it.
Daily Life
Each year’s cycle
of harvesting
began in October
when they
ground for winter
planting.
OCTOBERFEST…
Peasants
celebrated several
feast days
associated with
Christianity.
The three most
important were
Christmas, Easter
and Pentecost.
Revival of Trade
In order to encourage
trade between
Flanders and Italy,
the counts of
Champagne initiated
a series of trade fairs
in the chief towns of
the territory.
Slowly a money
economy, or
economic system
based on
currency rather
than barter,
emerged.
This led to
commercial
capitalism, an
economic system in
which people make a
profit based on
investments in trade
and goods.
Growth of Cities
Merchants and
artisans living in
walled cities came to
be called burghers or
bourgeoisie, from the
German word burg,
meaning “a walled
enclosure.”
The Patricians
were the
members of the
wealthiest and
most powerful
“burghers”.
Elections for city
council in
medieval cities
were often
carefully rigged
to make sure that
only patricians
were elected.
Daily Life in Medieval City
In cities the
danger of fire was
great and water
pollution was
rampant.
Typical Medieval Town…chimneys = fire
Industry and Guilds
Craftsmen began
organizing guilds,
or business
associations, to set
production
standards and
quality.
A person who wanted to learn a craft was called
an apprentice.
After they learned it,
they became a
journeyman.
Master
Once a journeyman
created a
masterpiece, they
were considered a
master and could
join the guild.
Papal Monarchy
The Pope at this
time was a political
force, as well as a
religious force,
which controlled a
nation called the
Papal States.
Lay investiture, a
practice by which
secular rulers chose
nominees for church
offices and gave
them the symbols of
their office was used
during this time.
Gregory VII
Henry VI & Son
The struggle between
Henry the IV and
Gregory VII was known
as the Investiture
Controversy.
The question who should
invest (appoint) whom
was the subject of an
epic conflict between the
Catholic church (papacy)
and state (Holy Roman
Empire).
Finally, in 1122 each
side reached an
agreement called the
Concordat of
Worms.
Holy Roman Empire
Under Pope
Innocent III the
church reached its
political height.
Innocent III
To achieve his
political ends, Pope
Innocent III often
used an interdict.
King John of England
currency
The interdict
suspended Christian
services and the
administration of
sacraments.
The dead were
denied Christian
burial.
Pope Innocent
placed England
under Interdict
(1208).
Abuse?
Religion should not
be used for politics.
New Religious Orders
One of the most
important and
strict Christian
orders was the
Cistercians.
Hildegard of Bingen
was a composer and
important
contributor to
Gregorian chant,
which is a religious
song style used by
monks.
 Click for Gregorian Chant
Hildegard of
Bingen’s work is
especially
remarkable because
she succeeded in a
man’s world.
By starting the
Franciscan order, St.
Francis of Assisi
abandoned all
worldly goods and
material pursuits to
live and preach in
poverty.
Why Good?
Focus on God first.
Dominic de Guzman
wanted to defend
the Church from
heresy.
Therefore, he started
the Inquisition court
to find and try
heretics.
Heretic being burned at
The stake. From Vatican
manuscripts
He believed the best
way to attack heresy
was the formation of
a new religious
order called the
Dominicans, who
lived in poverty and
preached effectively.
Popular Religion in the High
Middle Ages
The role of saints
was closely tied to
relics.
Relics are bones or
objects connected
with saints that
were considered
worthy of worship.
Rise of Universities
Most early
universities were
based on law,
medicine, or
theology.
The chief task of
scholasticism was to
harmonize Christian
teachings with the
works of the Greek
philosophers.
Saint Thomas
Aquinas attempted
scholasticism
combining Aristotle
with Christianity.
Vernacular Literature
Vernacular literature
was literature
written in the local
language of
everyday speech.
Another type of
vernacular literature
was the heroic epic,
or chanson de geste.
Beowulf
Black Death
The Black Death
killed nearly 38
million people,
resulting in severe
economic
consequences.
Decline of Church Power
A Great Schism or
split occurred in the
Catholic Church due
to a struggle
between Pope
Boniface and French
King Phillip IV.
Phillip refused to
accept the pope and
engineered the
election of his own
pope, called
Clement V.
A church council
finally met in
Switzerland in 1417
and ended the
schism at the
Council of
Constance!
John Hus at the Conference
John Hus was
accused of heresy by
the Council of
Constance and
burned at the stake
for his attempt at
church reform due
to the schism.
John Hus at the Stake
Hundred Years War
The war was
initiated by
England, but
eventually won by
the French.
New Weapon: Longbow
Englishman Henry
V (fifth) defeated the
French at the Battle
of Agincourt early in
the war.
But, Joan of Arc
brought the Hundred
Years’ War to a
decisive turning point
by inspiring the
French with her faith
& creating French
nationalism.
The French king saw
her as a threat to his
power and turned
her over to the
English.
The English burned
her at the stake for
heresy.
After the Hundred
Years’ War, England
faced a civil war
between the house
of Lancaster &
house of York for
the English throne.
This created turmoil
and resulted in
series of civil wars
collectively called
the War of the
Roses.
Lancaster
York
Curious who won?
The Tudor Rose…
Henry Tudor won
over Richard III.
Henry’s mother was
Margaret Beaufort
from the House of
Lancaster.
Henry then married
Elizabeth of York to
bring all factions
together.
Political Recovery
A Taille is an annual
direct permanent tax
on land or property.
Robin Hood made sure
the poor weren’t
taken advantage of, though.
Louis XI used the
taille to create the
foundations of a
strong French
monarchy.
Spain became a major
power in Europe
when Spain’s two
strongest kingdoms,
Castile and Aragon,
were united when
Isabella married
Ferdinand.