Transcript File - Ossett History

Bprn
Probably in
1056
1087
Crowned king
of England,
much to the
annoyance of
his older
brother Robert
Curthose who
wanted both
England and
Normandy but
only got
Normandy.
Also younger
brother Henry
who got
treasure but no
land.
William Rufus – Consolidation of Power and Government Timeline
Feb 1091
Invaded Normandy. There
was no battle but enough
Norman lords supported
William to convince
Robert that he should
make a treaty with
William instead of fighting
him. William gained
control of a large part of
Normandy in return for
helping Robert regain
control of Maine and
Contentin from their
younger brother Henry,
which they did in the
summer. Also agreed that
whoever died first, the
other would get control of
England and Normandy.
1088 Rebellion
Lords loyal to Robert rebelled in different
parts of the country. Bishop Odo led the
rebellion from his position as Earl of Kent.
William went straight for Odo, laying siege to
Pevensey Castle, then when Odo was taken
to Rochester and rebelled again, William
took that castle too and sent Odo into exile.
Robert Curthose’s troops from Normandy
never arrived in support. William showed
mercy to rebel barons he captured and this
encouraged some to switch sides. He also
promised to restore hunting rights and other
‘desirable laws’ to gain support and asked
the Bishop of Worcester to threaten to
excommunicate rebels (very bad, means hell
for eternity), rebels had attacked Worcester
Cathedral and Castle. Appealing to religious
beliefs was clever, so were the promises
(which he never actually kept), so was
concentrating on the leader and so was
being lenient. William then travelled north to
tackle the rebellious Bishop of Durham and
the rebellion was defeated.
1092
Cumbria in northern
England was divided
between the Scots and a
powerful Northumbrian
family led by a man
named Dolfin. Rufus
wanted to gain control of
the region so he went
north with an army. He
built a castle in Carlisle,
drove out Dolfin and then
sent peasants from the
south to go live there.
Presumably there was
some sort of incentive for
people who chose to live
in the north with its risk of
Scottish raids. He also sent
some loyal nobles such as
Robert of Trevers.
July 1091
Malcolm of Scotland had
often raided England and
the border between England
and Scotland had become
blurred. Whilst William was
in Normandy, Malcolm took
advantage and invaded
Northumbria. When William
returned he went north with
his brother Robert to deal
with Malcolm which he did,
despite his fleet (carrying
supplies of grain for the
army) being destroyed in a
storm. There was no battle,
Malcolm surrendered and
paid homage to William
when he realised he stood
little chance in battle.
Malcolm invaded again in
1093 but was killed by
Robert of Mowbray, Earl of
Northumbria.
Crusade - 1095
Pope Urban II asked for
European nobles to go on a
crusade to claim the Holy Lands
(Jerusalem) from the Muslims.
Robert Curthose wanted to go,
so Rufus agreed to give him
10,000 marks so he could pay
for the expedition, in return
Robert gave William control of
Normandy whilst he went on
the Crusade. The understanding
was probably that when Robert
returned and paid back the
10,000 marks, he could get
control of Normandy again.
Rufus had to raise what was
known as an ‘unbearable geld’
in England to be able to pay the
10,000 marks. It was a huge tax.
1094
Went to Normandy after
Scotland dealt with and
discussed how to
stabilise Normandy with
his brother Robert.
Rufus was accused of
not keeping to his terms
of the treaty of 1091 so
he denounced all the
terms of the treaty and
started raiding and
plundering properties
belonging to Robert. In
the meantime Ranulf
Flambard was tasked
with gathering an army
of 20,000 men. However
the whole thing petered
out when William failed
to get the support of
enough Norman barons.
Died
1100
Wales - 1095
Robert of Rhuddlan (a Norman
earl who had kept control of
large portions of Wales) was
killed by the Welsh in 1093 and
the Welsh used that as an
opportunity to rebel and regain
control of their country. After
Rufus had dealt with the
rebellion in Northumbria he
came to Wales in October to try
to bring the Welsh under
control. It didn’t work because
the Welsh ran away and hid
every time Rufus’ army got
close but came out to attack
weaker targets when they’d
gone away. This is known as
guerrilla warfare. William and
his army left without regaining
control.
1095 Rebellion
Robert of Mowbray, Earl of Northumbria,
plundered some Norwegian trading ships,
Rufus ordered that he pay back what he
stole, Mowbray refused, Rufus summoned
Mowbray to court, Mowbray didn’t come so
Rufus gathered an army and headed north.
He first tackled rebels at Tynemouth castle
including Mowbray’s brother and took the
castle. Then he went to Bamburgh castle in
which Mowbray himself was awaiting the
King’s army. William saw the defences were
strong and opted not to assault Bamburgh;
instead he decided to build his own castle
next door (which he called ‘Bad Neighbour’)
and he left his men in the new castle to
watch Mowbray. Soon after Rufus left,
Mowbray tried to escape and was captured.
He spent the rest of his life either in prison or
in a monastery. A fellow rebel called William
Count of Eu demanded trial by combat, lost
his fight and had his balls cut off and his eyes
put out.. He died from it.
Wales - 1097
William attempted a larger invasion
of Wales, this time targeting an
area known as Pembrokeshire. The
Welsh used guerrilla tactics again.
This time Rufus established some
control over Pembrokeshire but at
the cost of many of his soldiers. He
withdraw and had more castles
built on the England/Wales border.
The Earl of Chester and Earl of
Shrewsbury continued to try to
gain control of Wales over the next
few years but with little success.
Wales was one military campaign
that did not end very favourably for
William II.
The fact that William waited until
he had negotiated full control of
Normandy before his second
invasion suggests that this was seen
by him as a lesser problem and not
a serious threat that needed
immediate attention.
William Rufus – Church Timeline
1089 – Lanfranc
Died
Experienced,
respected, trusted
and probably his
advice was missed
when the
Archbishop of
Canterbury died.
William decided
not to replace him
and collected the
rents from the
lands owned by
the Archbishop of
Canterbury for
himself. This is
something he did
more than once
with vacant
ecclesiastical
positions, much to
the annoyance of
the church.
Serious Illness 1093
William may have thought his lack of piety
(religiousness) meant he was struck down with
a serious illness. He thought he was on his
deathbed when he appointed Anselm as the
new Archbishop of Canterbury.
Anselm was a theologian who wrote about his
theories on the existence of God. He didn’t
want the job but William Rufus forced it upon
him. Rufus and Anselm were to fall out
consistently for the rest of Rufus’ reign.
Anselm demanded control of Canterbury’s
lands (Rufus had kept control and took the
rents since Lanfranc died), he wanted to
continue to recognise Urban II as Pope and he
wanted to be the only spiritual advisor to the
king. Rufus accepted the demands. He didn’t
accept one of Anselm’s demands which was to
have all land that Lanfranc had argued
belonged to the church, returned to the
church. Rufus went back on his word but also
Anselm made more demands – for these two
reasons the two men fell out…a lot.
1088 William of Saint-Calais on Trial
Saint-Calais was Bishop of Durham and advisor to
William Rufus. He was the person who informed
William II of the 1088 rebellion but then, when Rufus
ordered Saint-Calais to Durham to gather troops, Saint
Calais did not return as ordered. The Sheriff of Yorkshire
was sent to confiscate Saint-Calais land and he was to
be put on trial. Saint-Calais demanded to be tried by
canon law(church) as a Bishop but Rufus insisted on trial
by secular law as a vassal. The outcome of the trial was
that Saint-Calais was to be stripped of his lands and sent
into exile. In desperation, Saint-Calais appealed to Pope
Urban II (there were two people claiming to be Pope at
this time = Papal Schism) but this served only to annoy
Rufus further as he hadn’t officially recognised either of
the two popes and didn’t appreciate his judgement
being disrespected in such a way. Rufus withdrew his
offer of safe passage for Saint-Calais. He was no longer
safe in England and fled to the continent. All of this
showed that William Rufus was determined to maintain
supreme power over the church and would not accept
any ecclesiastical challenge to his power. Significant
because most of the contemporaries who wrote a
history of William’s life, were from the church and this
is just one example of many in which William Rufus
made himself unpopular with the church.
Why the Council of Rockingham?
Anselm had asked twice to be
allowed to travel to Pope Urban II
and receive his pallium(an item of
clothing given by the Pope to confirm
the Pope’s approval of the person in
the ecclesiastical position) and been
denied by Rufus twice. Rufus said
that he had not recognised either of
the two popes as officially the correct
one and if he let Anselm travel then
this would mean he’d recognised
Urban. Anselm insisted that it was his
right and it was tradition for him to
receive his pallium. Rufus said that if
he continued to insist then he’d be
seen as putting his loyalty to the
Pope over his loyalty to William
which he said would be treason.
Anselm called for a council of leading
magnates to decide the matter. This
was the council of Rockingham.
1094-95 Anselm Speaks Out
Anselm preached against the
immoral behaviour that took
pace at court such as the
growing of long hair on men,
sodomy and illegal marriages
between relatives. Allegedly
Rufus responded by saying ‘I
will deal with these when I want
to. It’s up to me not you.’
Anselm also spoke out against
Rufus’ habit of leaving abbeys
and bishoprics without Abbotts
or Bishops so that he himself
could collect the rent. That is
know as leaving ‘vacant sees’’ a
‘see’ was a position in the
church. Allegedly Rufus
responded to this criticism by
saying ‘What business is it of
yours? Aren’t they my abbeys?
You do what you want with
your manors. Why can’t I do
what I want with my abbeys?’
KEY– William II’s support for the growth of Monasticism
When William the Conqueror took control of England the
Pope Alexander II commanded that the Normans that
invaded must do penance for the deaths they caused in their
invasion. As a result there was an explosion of church
building in England as Norman nobles aimed to do penance
for their sins. There were also monasteries and abbeys set up
for the same reason. William II did not do so much in this
respect as his father but he did continue with the same
approach but on a smaller scale.
Anselm Flees
1097
Anselm
continued to
speak out about
immoral
practices at
Construction of Battle Abbey was started on the site of the
court. The king
Battle of Hastings by William the Conqeuror but when he
continued to do
died in 1087 it was not yet finished. William II continued to
nothing about it.
pay for the project until the completion of building in 1095.
Anselm decided
He also granted Battle Abbey a generous amount of land
once again to ask
from which rents could be collected.
to be able to go
and appeal to the
Rufus commissioned Gandulf, Bishop of Rochester to improve
Pope but Rufus
the defences around the cathedral in Rochester which had
again denied
been damaged in the 1088 rebellion.
him. Anselm fled
William’s most generous move was to grant the manor of
to France and
Bermondsey to monks so that they could found Bermondsey
would not return
Abbey. The lands he gave were worth £15 a year in rent
until after
which was a large sum and it helped the monks to attract
William II’s
other investors.
death.
Feb 1095 Countil of Rockingham
Generally, William II’s attitude to the church was not to do any
At the council some magnates
more than he felt obliged to and to make sure that he retained
supported Rufus and some
power. He helped monasteries to an extent but he quarrelled with
Anselm. The outcome was that
church leaders. His taxation also hit the church hard, this was
a truce was decided that would
something else that Anselm complained about and the extraction
last until May 20th, after which
of money from the churches must have taken away funds from
time, if no agreement had been
church projects. His taking advantage of the rents of vacant sees
made, Anselm would be
was also resented by ecclesiastical figures.
allowed to travel. Rufus didn’t
KEY – PAPAL SCHISM
want this, so he sent someone
Before William II became king there had been a split in the papacy,
to fetch the pallium from Rome
with a new Pope being declared whilst the old one still lived. Rulers
and he had it presented to
across Europe took sides. William II chose not to. He was happy that
Anselm. This could have solved
the Popes were occupied with trying to establish themselves as the
the dispute but Rufus
one true Pope and had little time to interfere in church matters in
demanded some form of
England. Rufus preferred not to choose a side and to keep out of the
payment for what he had done
whole conflict. In the end the actions of Anselm caused him to
for Anselm and Anselm refused
recognise Pope Urban II over Pope Clement III.
to pay for something that he
thought was his right anyway.
This actually worked out well for Rufus because in return for being
Rufus let the matter drop. He’d
recognised as the official Pope by Rufus, Urban agreed not to interfere
ended up having to recognise
in the church affairs of England. Pope Urban II kept to his word,
Urban as Pope by sending for
however with the dispute between the King and the Archbishop of
the pallium but he’d prevented
Canterbury, Anselm, the relationship with the papacy had deteriorated
Anselm from going abroad.
by the time of William II’s death.
Rufus in Northern France, The Death of William Rufus and the Succession of Henry I Timeline
1101 Invasion of England by
1094
Curthose
Went to Normandy
1087
Taking control of Maine1097-98
2nd-5th August 1100
Summer 1099
Flambard escaped the Tower and
after Scotland dealt
Crowned
Rufus wanted and successfully took
William Rufus died in a
Helias escaped
fled to Curthose who began to
with + discussed how
king of
Battle of Tinchebrai
control of Maine, a part of northern
hunting accident on 2nd
from prison
prepare for invasion. He had
to stabilise Normandy
England,
With the support of
France that William the Conqueror
August. At this time Robert
and retook Le
support of some English nobles
with his brother
much to the
the counts of Maine
had controlled bu Robert Curthose
Curthose was making his way
Mans. Rufus
such as the earls of Surrey and
Robert. Rufus was
annoyance
and Brittany, Henry
had lost control of. His main ally in
back from the First Crusade.
raised an army
Buckingham. Henry had the
accused of not keeping
of his older
invaded Normandy
northern France was a baron named
Henry, the youngest of the
and rushed to
support of Robert, Count of
to his terms of the
brother
aiming for the castle of
Robert of Belleme who had helped
brothers, moved quickly,
Le Mans but
Flanders who had provided him
1091 treaty so he
Robert
Tinchebrai held by one
and fought alongside Rufus on a
seized the royal treasury and
Helias
with 1000 knights in exchange for
denounced all terms of
Curthose
of Curthose’s mot
number of occasions. Belleme held a
by the 5th August had been
withdrew to a
a promise of £500 a year.
the treaty and started
who
powerful allies,
lot of land in Maine. When a baron
crowned as king. He’d likely
place called
Henry and Curthose’s armies met
raiding and plundering
wanted
William of Mortain.
named Helias started encroaching on
done all of this to make it
Mayet. Rufus
at Alton but did not fight. Instead
properties belonging
both
With Henry’s army
Belleme’s land, Rufus reacted to
more difficult for Curthose to
failed to
they made the familiar medieval
to Robert. In the
England
laying siege to the
assist his ally and they captured
claim the crown of England
successfully lay
deal about whoever dies first, the
meantime Ranulf
and
castle, Curthose tried
Helius. Almost immediately
when he returned. Some
siege to Mayet,
other gets their land. They also
Flambard was tasked
Normandy
to come to the rescue
afterwards a baron named Fulk of
historians suggest Henry or
so he withdrew
agreed to leave in peace anybody
with gathering an
but only got
but both Curthose and
Anjou attacked a place in Maine
somebody else may have
to Le Mans and
who took the other’s side. Robert
army of 20,000.
Normandy.
Mortain were
called Le Mans and successfully took
arranged William’s death and
severely
agreed not to interfere in
However the whole
Also
captured and
and held the castle. Rufus and
that it was no accident but
punished
England, Henry agreed not to
thing petered out
younger
imprisoned for life.
Belleme laid siege of Le Mans and
there is no solid proof of this
anybody that
interfere in Normandy. Henry also
when William failed to
brother
Henry I was to be ruler
Fulk agreed that the whole of Maine
and it could well have simply
had helped
agreed to pay Robert a yearly sum
get the support of
Henry who
of both England and
should remain as William Rufus’
been an accident as was
Helias.
of £2000.
enough Norman
got
Normandy until his
property.
common at the time.
barons.
treasure
death in 1135.
Febland.
1091
Crusade - 1095
Alliance
Vexin War 1098-99
Deal over Aquitaine
Henry Moved To take Control
Henry Goes Back On His Word
but no
Invaded Normandy.
Pope Urban II asked for
with Duke
William II mustered a
By June 1100 William II
Henry I was in a vulnerable
From 1102-06 Henry tried to
There was no battle
European nobles to go on
William of
large army and
had raised money to
position. Many nobles had sworn
gain control of Normandy.
but enough Norman
a crusade to claim the
Aquitaine
attempted an invasion
pay for William of
fealty to Curthose and Curthose
First he had Robert of Belleme
lords supported
Holy Lands (Jerusalem)
William
of the Vexin region
Aquitaine to gather an
had signed an agreement with
(who had supported Robert in
William to convince
from the Muslims. Robert
Rufus and
which includes Paris.
army of 300,000 and
Rufus in 1091 that whomever died
1101) expelled from England
Robert that he
Curthose wanted to go, so
William of
He had limited
go on crusade. A
first the other would inherit their
and all his lands seized. Then
should make a treaty
Rufus agreed to give him
Aquitaine
success, made a truce
similar deal to the one
land. Henry had to act quickly to
he tried to gain supporters
with William instead
10,000 marks so he could
were
with the French king
signed with Robert
consolidate his power which he did
amongst Norman barons or
of fighting him.
pay for the expedition, in
distantly
and decided to
Curthose which gave
by; firstly, being generous and
other magnates in Northern
William gained
return Robert gave
related
withdraw back to
Rufus control of
giving away land to churchmen and
Europe through money or
control of a large
William control of
through
England. It is likely that
Normandy. However,
secular magnates; secondly, by
arranging marriages that
part of Normandy in
Normandy whilst he went
marriage.
William Rufus felt that
it seems that William
promising to put down the
would gain barons land. He
return for helping
on the Crusade. The
Aquitaine
a long war with long
may have got cold
injustices of his brother’s reign;
gained the support of the
Robert regain
understanding was
helped
sieges would have cost
feet, perhaps thinking
thirdly, he allowed Anselm to
counts of Maine, Anjou and
control of Maine and
probably that when
Rufus to
too much and taken
that Aquitaine would
return and continue his duties thus
Flanders. In 1105 he invaded
Contentin from their
Robert returned and paid
gain Maine
too long, so he
have been to difficult
gaining papal support; fourthly, he
Normandy and gained control
younger brother
back the 10,000 marks, he
in 1097-98.
decided to stick with
to administer from
had Ranulf Flambard arrested and
of the western part of
Henry, which they
could get control of
He then
the quick victories he’d
England. A deal may
put in the Tower of London; fifthly
Normandy, before returning
did in the summer.
Normandy again. Rufus
won in Maine and
yet have been struck
he married Edith, daughter of the
to England to prepare for a
Also agreed that
had to raise what was
withdraw to look after
but it’s impossible to
old King Malcolm of Scotland and
bigger invasion the following
whoever died first,
known as an ‘unbearable
England – his most
know because William
secured the border with Scotland.
year.
the other would get
geld’ in England to be able
valuable land.
was killed whilst
Edith was the niece of Edgar the
control of England
to pay the 10,000 marks. It
hunting in August
Aetheling so this also made Henry a
and Normandy.
was a huge tax.
1100.
relation to the old English line of
kings.
William Rufus – Skills to Practice for the Exam
What do sources tell you about the issue? (interpretation)
Who wrote the sources and does this affect how useful they are? (Reliability)
What do you know about what was going on at the time and how does it help you to assess the value of the sources? (Historical Context)
AS Level
AS Level
10 Mark Question – Assess How Useful Source A Is (7 steps) ONLY APPEARS
ON AS PAPER
Spend 18mins on this answer
Make sure you are assessing the correct source (it won’t always be Source A)
Make sure you assess the source in relation to the thing it asks you to (the
most common mistake would be just to assess the source generally)
Question the source content (not exclusively you can link between)
Question the source provenance not exclusively you can link between)
Show that you have used some of your own knowledge to help you to
understand the source e.g. your own knowledge might help you to say that
the source is questionable or that it is likely to be accurate
Have a short conclusion on the extent of usefulness of the source
30 Mark Question – Use 4 sources + assess how far they support the view
that… (7 steps)
Spend 36mins on this answer
Make sure you assess the sources in relation to the thing it asks you to (the
most common mistake would be just to assess the sources generally)
Show that you have used some of your own knowledge to help you to
understand the sources e.g. your own knowledge might help you to say that a
source is questionable or that it is likely to be accurate
Write about evidence for in one paragraph (content and provenance)
Write about evidence against in another paragraph (content and provenance)
In the conclusion your opinion on the issue does not matter. What matters is
what the evidence in the source suggests.
20 Mark Question – Use 3 sources + assess how far they support the view
that… (7 steps) (ON THE A2 PAPER THIS IS 30 MARKS AND YOU GET 4
SOURCES)
Spend 36mins on this answer
Make sure you assess the sources in relation to the thing it asks you to (the
most common mistake would be just to assess the sources generally)
Show that you have used some of your own knowledge to help you to
understand the sources e.g. your own knowledge might help you to say that a
source is questionable or that it is likely to be accurate
Write about evidence for in one paragraph (content and provenance)
Write about evidence against in another paragraph (content and provenance)
In the conclusion your opinion on the issue does not matter. What matters is
what the evidence in the source suggests.
• Make source detective work a competition
• Essay titles for coursework and coursework
guidance sheet (can’t be on:
• Battlefields itinerary