Chapter 10 : Europe in the middle ages
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Transcript Chapter 10 : Europe in the middle ages
Europe in the middle ages
Section 1: Peasants, Trade, and
Cities
The New Agriculture:
Population:
doubled in England during the High Middle Ages
Led to a need for increased food production – Climate
change and ideal growing conditions.
New improvements in farm technology:
Heavier Plow:
-Cistercian Monks
-Carruca
Horse Power
More land:
- Cistercian Monks
The New Agriculture:
Three field crop rotation:
Old 2 field system
800
Planted: Fall – grains (rye & wheat) harvested
in the summer. Second field in the spring
grains (oats & barley) and vegetables (peas &
beans) harvested in the fall.
Result – increase in food and a healthier diet
Manorial System:
Feudalism:
Landholding Nobles:
- Military elite – need leisure time to pursue the Art of
War.
Manors
- Peasants – Serfs –legally tied to the land
Serfs:
- - Had to provide:
Labor Services:
Working the Lords land
Building barns, digging ditches and other manual
labor requested by the Lord
Manorial System:
Pay rents:
A share of every product raised
Paid the lord for the use of …….
Peasants also had to pay a tithe
Subject to Lord’s control:
Serfs:
Lords permission
Lords:
Political Authority
The Peasant Household
Life was simple:
Cottages
Cycle of Labor: Labor based on the cycle of the
seasons
Harvest time: August and September
New Cycle:
October
November
February and March
Early summer
The Peasant Household
Days off: Feast Days
3 great feast days:
1. Christmas
2.Easter
3. Pentecost
4. Other days
contact with the village church - Priests
Peasant Women:
Food and drink:
- Diet
The Revival of Trade
Growth of towns led to the revival of trade:
Venice
Towns of Flanders (coast of present day Belgium and
Northern France)
Hanseatic League
Fairs:
- People come to the towns for religious activities
Trade:
- gold and silver coins
Money Economy
Commercial Capitalism
The Growth of the Cities
The Growth of the Cities
Revival of trade = growth of the Cities:
More food-more people
1200 –Vince, Milan and Florence /Paris /London /Typical size
Old and New Cities
Towns people not fitting into classic molds :
New Social Class
Burgh
Burghers
Bourgeoisie.
Towns and the Lords
authority of the Lords
Rights
City Governments
Patricians
City Life
Women
Industries and Guilds
Organizations:
Guilds
Merchant Guilds (1st Guilds)
Craft Guilds
Skilled Artisans
Guild Functions: standards, Fixed prices, and Dues
Training New Workers:
- The Hall
apprentice
Journeyman
Masterpiece
Master
Section 2: Medieval Christianity
The Papal Monarchy
1. Papal States
2. Church
3. Monks will adopt stricter rules
- 910 – Monastery at Cluny – founded by the Duke of Aquitaine not for
personal wealth and power
4. Reformers and Abuses
- Reformers want to purify the church – remove king and lord control
-Rid the church of 3 Conditions:
1. End marriage of priests
2. Stop Simony
3. End Lay Investiture
Reform the Papacy
Pope Gregory VII –carried out aims of the reform movement
Lay Investiture
Henry
German Bishops (all invested by him)
Pope responds with his own letter to the Bishops and he excommunicates Henry
Showdown Pope vs. Emperor
Key is who will the German Bishops side with?
Henry wants forgiveness – Travels to Canossa (Small Italian Village in the Alps)
Solved nothing – Gregory dies in 1085 and Henry in 1106
1122 – City of Worms (Vawrms)
Concordat of Worms
The Church Supreme
Popes power over the kings
Pope Innocent III
Excommunication
Interdict
sacraments
The Age of Faith
New Religious Order
A new Activism
Cistercians -1098 –group of monks were unhappy with the lack of
discipline at their own Benedictine Monastery.
Women in Religious Orders
Hildegard of Bingen
Franciscans and Dominicans
Dominicans
Dominic de Guzman Franciscans
St. Francis of Assisi
The Inquisition
War against heresy
Experts to find heretics and judge them
1225- Popes sent the experts throughout Europe to find heretics
Religion in the High Middle Ages
The church was an important part of
people’s lives
The sacraments
Saints
Use of Relics
Pilgrimage
Others –Rome (remains of Peter and
Paul), many site for Mary and in Spain,
Santiago de Compostela.
Section 3: Culture of the High Middle
Ages
Architecture
Architecture
Churches rose in new style
Church wealth
1000-1100 towns built massive churches
Types of architecture:
Romanesque
Huge doors
Rounded arches
Heavy roofs
Thick Walls
Rows of pillars
Painted in bright colors
Architecture
Romanesque
Architecture
Gothic
Suger (Soo-zhay) Abbot of the Monetary of Saint
Dunis (Sahn duh-nee) - his vision
Goal 3 Keys to Gothic Architecture:
Pointed ribbed vaults
Narrow bands of stone called ribs
Stained glass windows
Flying Buttresses
Pointed Arches
1163 –Paris – Tallest church in Christendom – Notre
Dame – 114 feet tall
Architecture
Gothic
Architecture
Architecture
Universities
Universities
University – Group of scholars not the building they meet in
1100’s – Paris, France, Bologna, Italy, and Oxford, England
Students middleclass families
Goal of Education
Degrees:
Bachelor’s degree
Master’s degree
At the start teachers could teach anywhere in Europe because
everyone spoke Latin
Scholars rediscover Greek writings
Greek writings– Trade
Greek translated into Latin
Universities
Pagans vs. The Church
New teachings not based on the Bible but on reasoning
– Leads to debates
Example: Aristotle
Most important class at the University: Theology will be
influenced by Scholasticism
Harmonize Christian teachings with Greek Philosophers
Thomas Aquinas
Will link faith and reason – saw no conflict between the two
Summa Theologica
Others:
John Duns Scotus
William Ockham
1260’s – Pope Clement IV asked Roger Bacon to write an encyclopedia ,
Opus Majus,
Vernacular Literature
Vernacular Literature
Latin was the universal language
Used in church and schools
Vernacular – the language of everyday speech in a
particular region – Spanish, French, English, or German
New market for vernacular literature
Popular Vernacular Literature:
Troubadours poetry
Chanson de Geste
Song of Roland
Section 4: The Late Middle Ages
The Late Middle Ages
1300’s – Europe will face crop failures, disease,
war and plague
Example: Barcelona Spain
Why?
Famine
Climate change –
1000-1300’s – Temps warmer than average
1300’s – Temps. Drop – “Little Ice Age”
Black Death
Black Death
Plague that struck Europe in the 1300’s
1347 – Genoese ship
Condition:
High fever
Black swellings around neck and joints
Most died within a 24 hour period
Doctors are helpless – didn’t know the cause
Cause – flees on rats
Social and Economic Impact
God had sent it as a punishment
Extreme reactions;
Anti-Semitism – hostility toward Jews.
Jews were blamed
Germany
Lack of population meant that there were fewer workers
Serfdom began to disappear and the Manor economy began to die out
England 1381
Also in France, Italy and Belgium
Peasants did not win
“Ideal Society”
Black Death
Decline of church Power:
The popes of Avignon
Pope Boniface VIII
King Philip IV
Unam Sanctum –
Two powers – Temporal – Earthly and Spiritual – Heavenly
Kings must always obey the Pope!!!!!
King Philip IV
In 1305 – Philip the Fair convinced the cardinals to appoint a
French pope – Clement V – Stated that there was too much
violence in Rome
England, Germany, and Italy
Babylonian Captivity
Avignon
The Great Schism
Pope Gregory XI
The College of Cardinals in Rome
Pope Urban VI – “keep the papacy in the city (Urban)”
Robert of Geneva – Pope Clement VII
Two popes – Both excommunicated the other
French – Avignon – Clement VII
Italian – Rome – Urban VI
This division or split is known as the Great Schism
Great Schism:
Support
French – Avignon
England, Germany, & Italy – Rome
Problems
Political issues
Damaged the church
Church council will bring the Schism to an end in 1417
John Hus
War in short:
The Hundred Years War
Four stages:
1337 – 1360 – King Edward of England (Duke of Gascony and a vassal to the French King)
1361- 1396 – French reconquer all of what the English had taken
1397 – 1420 – English invade again and took the Northern part of France
1421-1453 – French rallied; 1429 inspired by Joan of Arc; Forced the English out of France
except for Calais.
New Weapons and Tactics Change Warfare:
Crecy and Agincourt:
King Henry V
Fighting for a Nation –State
1415 – Battle of Agincourt – 8, 000 English vs. 5,000 French
Joan of Arc:
Joan of Arc – 17 – heard heavenly voices that told her she needed to get rid of the
English and reestablish the throne for Charles VI son, “Charles the Dauphin the King”
May 7, 1429 – Joan will lead the French army into battle
Orleans and Joan led the charge
Charles VII on July 17, 1429
Her demise
Did the English no good
The Hundred Years War
Political Recovery
New Monarchies (1450 -1500)
The new monarch will replace the feudal
kings
New monarchs had 3 important sources of
power:
Control of Taxes
Professional Army
Professional officials
France & England
France
Charles VII (Joan of Arc)
Taxes – Taille – tax on land and Gabelle – tax on salt
Louis XI
Charles son
Spider King
Solidified the King of France as a king with unlimited power
England
War of the Roses
Splits England – 1455 – civil war
Two branches of English Royalty claimed the crown
Duke of York – White Roses
Duke of Lancaster – Red Roses
Disrupts the reign of 3 kings
Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485
Henry Tudor – Henry VII – Tudor Dynasty – 1485-1509
Justice of the Peace –Long tradition of local government
Feudal Dues and “Tonnage and poundage”
No wars – Peace – People loved it
Parliament– nobles lose power
Court of the Star Chamber
Spain & Central and Eastern Europe
(Holy Roman Empire)
Spain
Isabella and Ferdinand
Spain –Re-conquest – By 1400 Muslims only held Granada a Kingdom
Spain split into 5 – kingdoms – Granada – Muslim/ Portugal, Navarre, Castile, and
Aragon – Christian
Castile and Aragon are the largest
Castile – Isabella and Aragon – Ferdinand
1482- Conquer last Granada – 10 years 1492
No longer religious toleration – “One king, one law, one faith”
Heresy – Jews and Muslims
Spain united by 1516 – modern borders
Central and Eastern Europe (Holy Roman Empire)
Germany divided
Hapsburg Dynasty in Austria
Eastern Europe
Poland – nobles elected their kings – weakened the monarchy
Hungary – nobles lost power to a well-organized central administration
Russia