Transcript document

Bentley, Chs. 17 & 20
Ch 17: Formation of Western Europe
I. Germanic Kingdoms: initially elected kings to lead
them into battle, weirgeld (law code), mead hall
II. Rise of the Franks: Franks were the strongest
Germanic kingdom, (486) Clovis conquered Gaul,
converted to Christianity, made an ally with the
pope in Rome, founder of the Merovingian
dynasty
III. Merovingian Dynasty: “Mayor of the Palace”
emerges as the true power behind the throne
(about 700s), Charles Martel @ Battle of Tours
stops the advancement of Islam in Europe (732)
MEROVINGIAN DYNASTY
CLOVIS (r.481-511)
By 700s, the Mayor of
the Palace held the
real power
CHARLES MARTEL
(714-741)
•Charles Martel’s son, Pepin the Short, ends
up seizing power from the Merovingian kings
b/c he obtains the approval of the pope
(helps him out)
• Pepin founds the CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY
CHARLEMAGNE: (800) Pope Leo III called on C. for help against rebellious nobles in
Rome, Frank armies marched south and crushed the rebellion, Reward: C. crowned
EMPEROR OF THE ROMANS by the pope (christmas day, 800), SIGNIFICANCE:
Christian pope crowning a German king successor to the Romans, revived the ideal of
a united Christian community (pope and king), laid the groundwork for power
struggles b/w popes and kings, outraged the Byzantine emperor (Irene) b/c it was a
slap in the face, helped widen the split b/w east and west; GOVERNMENT: sent out
missionaries to convert people to Christianity, appointed powerful nobles to rule the
local regions, missi dominici (officials sent out to keep check on nobles, roads,
grievances, justice, administer the law); REVIVAL OF LEARNING: revived latin
learning, school at Aachen, scholars copied manuscripts
CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY
PEPIN, THE SHORT
(r.747-768)
CHARLEMAGNE
(r. 768-814)
PROBLEMS: Difficult to govern large,
multi-ethnic and multi-lingual empire; no
standard laws or taxation system, Longdistance trade weak; transport and
communications very slow and hazardous,
Heavy reliance on personal loyalty of
nobility and bishops to emperor, Constant
expansion of empire required to pay army
and aristocracy with loot and land
CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY
PEPIN, THE SHORT
(r.747-768)
CHARLEMAGNE
(r. 768-814)
LOUIS, THE PIOUS
(r. 814-840)
LOUIS THE PIOUS: overly religious, wanted to live the life of a monk, end of
being controlled by his sons
CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY
PEPIN, THE SHORT
(r.747-768)
CHARLEMAGNE
(r. 768-814)
LOUIS, THE PIOUS
(r. 814-840)
Lothair I
(the German) (840-855)
Louis II (843-876)
Post-Louis: fighting among three sons, Treaty of Verdun
Charles the Bald
(843-877)
Q: What was going on in the Byzantine Empire during the Merovingian and
Carolingian Dynasties?
Byzantium
726-843
Iconoclasm controversy begins
726
729
Western Europe
Rise of Merovingian & then Carolingians
Dynasties
Pope Gregory incites revolt against Byzantine
Empire in Ravenna, Italy
Byzantines encourage Lombards to
attack Rome
Pope afterward reconciles with Byzantium
731-41
Pope denounces iconoclasm and asks Charles
Martel for military aid (ignored)
732
Defeat of Muslim by Charles Martel @ battle
of Tours
751
Byzantines kicked out of Ravenna
Pepin I made king of Franks, establishment of
Carolingian dynasty
771-804
Conquest of Saxony and Bavaria
774
Conquest of Lombards
794
Establishment of Aachen
800
Empress Irene in power
C. crowned emperor of the Romans
Ch 17: Formation of Western Europe
I. Germanic Kingdoms:
II. Rise of the Franks:
III. Merovingian Dynasty:
IV. Rise of Feudalism: Emerged due to the need of people for
protection (invasions by Vikings, Muslims, Magyars), Kings were
too weak to maintain law & order, loosely organized system of
rule in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings
among lesser lords (vassals). In exchange, the vassals pledged
service and loyalty to the greater lord, Feudalism is a system of
mutual obligations b/w the lord and vassal, The relationship is
established by custom, tradition and there is the exchange of
pledges (called a feudal contract), Vassal gets—fief (estate w/
peasants, towns, buildings) and protection from the lord, Vassals
gives—loyalty, 40 days military service, money payments,
adviceDevelopment of a structured society (Everyone had a
place, A person could be both a vassal and a lord, Vassal pledged
loyalty and service to several lords, Owed first loyalty to a liege
lord)
Remember:
 King is at the top and gives land to
nobles (called Dukes) in exchange for
tax money and military service
 The nobles give land to vassals (called
Barons or knights) who administer the
land in exchange for tax money and
military service
 The Barons or knights allow peasants to
work the land in exchange for
protection
Ch 17: Formation of Western Europe
I. Germanic Kingdoms:
II. Rise of the Franks:
III. Merovingian Dynasty:
IV. Rise of Feudalism:
V. Chivalry: only applied to nobility, placed women
on pedestals (contradiction), men trained at
higher noble’s castle, women trained at home,
purpose of castles was solely defense, when not at
war (tournaments for training purposes)
VI. Noblewomen: Eleanor of Aquitaine, power
depended upon men, contradiction b/w chivalric
portrayal of women and church portrayal of
women
Ch 17: Formation of Western Europe
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
Germanic Kingdoms:
Rise of the Franks:
Merovingian Dynasty:
Rise of Feudalism:
Chivalry:
Noblewomen:
VII. The Medieval Church: parish priest, village church (social center,
schools, tithe), Benedictine Rule (obedience, poverty, chastity),
Venerable Bede (monk, wrote the earliest known history of
England, introduced BC & AD), convents (place of escape from
society for women, Abbess Hildegard of Bingen, in later Middle
Ages there were more restrictions such as no more preaching of
the Gospel and no more hearing confession, and too much
learning), development of papal supremacy & canon law, use of
excommunication and interdict against rulers, Cluniac reforms
(early 900s, revival of benedictine rule), (1073) Pope Gregory VII
(outlawed marriage for priests, prohibited the selling of church
offices (simony), banned lay investiture (kings appoint bishops
not the pope), Francis of Assisi (friars that preached poverty,
humility, love of God), Dominic (friars that combated heresy by
teaching official RC beliefs), Beguines (welcomed women
without wealth to enter a regular convent, helped poor, set up
hospitals and shelters)
Ch 17: Formation of Western Europe
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
Germanic Kingdoms:
Rise of the Franks:
Merovingian Dynasty:
Rise of Feudalism:
Chivalry:
Noblewomen:
VII.The Medieval Church:
VIII.Jews in Europe: Spain became the center of
Muslim culture and learning and accepted Jews,
served as officials in courts of Muslims, later
middle ages persecutions by Christians against
Jews (claim that Jews were responsible for death
of Jesus, Jews could not own land or practice most
occupations, rise of anti-Semitism due to things
that could not be explained)
Ch 20:
I. Feudal monarchs had limited power and relied on vassals
for military power
II. Nobility and the church had more power due to ownership
over their own courts, collection of their own taxes, had
their own armies
III. In reaction, monarchs tried to centralize their power and
take it away from the church and nobility
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Expanded the royal domain
Set up a system of royal justice that undermined feudal or
church courts
Organized a govt bureaucracy
Developed a system of taxes
Built a standing army
Strengthened ties with the middle class
Townspeople supported royal rulers because they could impose
the peace and unity that were needed for trade
IV. Rise of strong monarchs in England, France, & HRE
England
I. Alfred the Great England’s first king (r.871-899)
II. Edward the Confessor (r.1042-1066)
A. Takes a vow of chastity (no children, thus no heirs)
B. 1051promised the throne to William, Duke of Normandy (Edward’s cousin)
C. 1053Harold (Edward’s brother in law) became principal advisor to Edward
D. 1064Harold visited William of Normandy and swore an oath to support W’s
claim to the throne
E. 1066Edward died, Harold was chosen as successor “Harold II”, William
declared that the throne was promised to him and obtained the blessing from the
pope, becomes known as “William the Conqueror”
III. Norman Conquest
A. William invaded England, which was undefended wile Harold II was up North
(York) putting down a Viking attack
B. Oct. 1066Battle of Hastings
1. Harold’s Men: 7,000 peasant foot soldiers, wielded shield, swords, battle
axes
2. William’s Men: 7,000 men with archers, armored knights on horses
C. Dec. 25, 1066 William I proclaimed king
England
I. Alfred the Great England’s first king (r.871-899)
II. Edward the Confessor (r.1042-1066)
III. Norman Conquest
IV. Growth of Royal Power
A. He granted fiefs to the Church and his Norman lords
B. Monitored the building of castles
C. Every vassal had to swear first allegiance to him
D. 1086, Domesday Book: complete census which listed every castle, field, pigpen,
purpose was to help build an efficient system of tax collecting
E. Overall interested in forming a better administration
England
William I (r. 1066-1087)
Robert,
Duke of Normandy
(d. 1134)
William II
(r.1087-1100)
=
Matilda
England
I. Alfred the Great England’s first king (r.871-899)
II. Edward the Confessor (r.1042-1066)
III. Norman Conquest
IV. Growth of Royal Power
V. William II (r.1087-1100)
A. Unpopular
B. Never married
C. Died in a hunting “accident”
England
William I (r. 1066-1087)
Robert,
Duke of Normandy
(d. 1134)
William II
(r.1087-1100)
=
Matilda
Henry I = Matilda
(r.1100-1135)
England
I. Alfred the Great England’s first king (r.871-899)
II. Edward the Confessor (r.1042-1066)
III. Norman Conquest
IV. Growth of Royal Power
V. William II (r.1087-1100)
VI. Henry I (r. 1100-1135)
A. Married to Matilda
B. Son William died (1120) in a boating accident
C. Named his daughter, Matilda (sometimes called Maud) as his successor
England
William I (r. 1066-1087)
Robert,
Duke of Normandy
(d. 1134)
William II
(r.1087-1100)
=
Matilda
Henry I = Matilda
(r.1100-1135)
HRE Henry V (d.1125) (1) = Matilda
Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou (2)=
(d.1151)
Adela = Stephen,
Count of Blois
Stephen
(r.1135-1154)
England
I. Alfred the Great England’s first king (r.871-899)
II. Edward the Confessor (r.1042-1066)
III. Norman Conquest
IV. Growth of Royal Power
V. William II (r.1087-1100)
VI. Henry I (r. 1100-1135)
VII.Matilda & Stephen (r.1135-1154)
A. After Henry I dies, Stephen was proclaimed king by the English nobility
B. Civil war b/w Stephen and Matilda for 18 years
C. Compromise
1. Stephen remained king
2. Matilda’s son was named as successor
England
William I (r. 1066-1087)
Robert,
Duke of Normandy
(d. 1134)
William II
(r.1087-1100)
=
Matilda
Henry I = Matilda
(r.1100-1135)
HRE Henry V (d.1125) (1) = Matilda
Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou (2)=
(d.1151)
Adela = Stephen,
Count of Blois
Stephen
(r.1135-1154)
(r. 1154-1189) Henry II=Eleanor of Aquitaine
England
I. Alfred the Great England’s first king (r.871-899)
II. Edward the Confessor (r.1042-1066)
III. Norman Conquest
IV. Growth of Royal Power
V. William II (r.1087-1100)
VI. Henry I (r. 1100-1135)
VII.Matilda & Stephen (r.1135-1154)
VIII.Henry II (r.1154-1189)
A. Broadened the system of royal justice
1. Expanded customs into laws
2. Traveling justices to enforce royal laws
3. Basis of common law (legal system based on custom and court rulings)
4. People chose royal courts over courts of nobles or church
5. Royal courts charged fees (growth in treasury)
B. An early jury system
1. Local officials collected a jury
2. Early juries were the ancestors to today’s grand jury
3. Later the modern trial jury evolved
C. Conflicts with the Church
England
I. Alfred the Great England’s first king (r.871-899)
II. Edward the Confessor (r.1042-1066)
III. Norman Conquest
IV. Growth of Royal Power
V. William II (r.1087-1100)
VI. Henry I (r. 1100-1135)
VII.Matilda & Stephen (r.1135-1154)
VIII.Henry II (r.1154-1189)
A. Broadened the system of royal justice
B. An early jury system
C. Conflicts with the Church
1. H. claimed the right to try clergy in royal courts
2. Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury opposed H’s claim
3. Opposed eachother for years
4. “Will someone not rid me of this priest”
5. 1170, four knights believed him and murdered Becket in his cathedral
6. Henry relented
7. Becket was named a martyr and a saint, site of pilgrimages (Chaucer’s
Canterbury Tales)
England
William I (r. 1066-1087)
Robert,
Duke of Normandy
(d. 1134)
William II
(r.1087-1100)
=
Matilda
Henry I = Matilda
(r.1100-1135)
HRE Henry V (d.1125) (1) = Matilda
Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou (2)=
(d.1151)
Adela = Stephen,
Count of Blois
Stephen
(r.1135-1154)
(r. 1154-1189) Henry II=Eleanor of Aquitaine
Henry
Richard I
(d.1183) Lion Heart
(r.1189-1199)
England
I. Alfred the Great England’s first king (r.871-899)
II. Edward the Confessor (r.1042-1066)
III. Norman Conquest
IV. Growth of Royal Power
V. William II (r.1087-1100)
VI. Henry I (r. 1100-1135)
VII.Matilda & Stephen (r.1135-1154)
VIII.Henry II (r.1154-1189)
IX. Richard I Lion Heart (1189-1199)
A. Elder brother Henry died before succeeding to the throne
B. Militaristic
C. Fought in 3rd Crusade and captured (ransomed)
D. Took money from England to finance Crusades
E. Brother John & French king was a constant threat while gone
England
William I (r. 1066-1087)
Robert,
Duke of Normandy
(d. 1134)
William II
(r.1087-1100)
=
Matilda
Henry I = Matilda
(r.1100-1135)
HRE Henry V (d.1125) (1) = Matilda
Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou (2)=
(d.1151)
Adela = Stephen,
Count of Blois
Stephen
(r.1135-1154)
(r. 1154-1189) Henry II=Eleanor of Aquitaine
Henry
Richard I
(d.1183) Lion Heart
(r.1189-1199)
Geoffrey,
Arthur of
Count of
Brittany
Brittany (d.?) (d.1203)
John Lackland = Isabella
Countess of Glouster (div.1200)
(r.1199-1216)
England
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
Alfred the Great England’s first king (r.871-899)
Edward the Confessor (r.1042-1066)
Norman Conquest
Growth of Royal Power
William II (r.1087-1100)
Henry I (r. 1100-1135)
Matilda & Stephen (r.1135-1154)
Henry II (r.1154-1189)
Richard I Lion Heart (1189-1199)
X. John Lackland (r.1199-1203)
A. Elder brother Geoffrey died, but left a son (Arthur)
B. John killed Arthur (1203)
C. Troubles
1. 1205, lost a war with Philip II of France and had to give up Anjou and Normandy
2. Battled with Innocent III over selecting a new archbishop of Canterbury
(excommunicated, England placed under an interdict, agreed that England
would be a fief of the papacy and pay a yearly fee to Rome)
D. Magna Carta (1215)
1. Barons were rebellious due to oppressive taxes and abuses of power
2. Forced him to sign the Magna Carta which affirmed a long list of feudal rights
3. Protected their own privileges and a few clauses recognizing the legal rights of
townspeople and the Church
4. Protection from arbitrary arrest, imprisonment, due process, could not raise new
taxes without first consulting lords and clergy (eventually Parliament)
5. Two very important ideas: nobles had certain rights, the monarch must obey the
law
England
William I (r. 1066-1087)
Robert,
Duke of Normandy
(d. 1134)
William II
(r.1087-1100)
=
Matilda
Henry I = Matilda
(r.1100-1135)
Adela = Stephen,
Count of Blois
(r. 1154-1189) Henry II=Eleanor of Aquitaine
Henry
Richard I
(d.1183) Lion Heart
(r.1189-1199)
Geoffrey,
Arthur of
Count of
Brittany
Brittany (d.?) (d.1203)
John Lackland (r.1199-1216)
= Isabella Countess of Glouster
(div.1200)
= Isabella of Anglouleme
Eleanor of Provence=Henry III (r.1216-1272)
Edward I (r.1272-1307)
England
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
Alfred the Great England’s first king (r.871-899)
Edward the Confessor (r.1042-1066)
Norman Conquest
Growth of Royal Power
William II (r.1087-1100)
Henry I (r. 1100-1135)
Matilda & Stephen (r.1135-1154)
Henry II (r.1154-1189)
Richard I Lion Heart (1189-1199)
X. John Lackland (r.1199-1203)
XI. Henry III (r.1216-1272)
XII.Edward I (r.1272-1307)
A. Development of Parliament
B. Great Council was called by kings for advice
C. 1200s, evolved into Parliament (with common people)
D. 1295, Edward I summoned P. to approve money for his wars in France
E. Became known as the model Parliament
1. Set up the framework for England’s legislature
2. Evolved into a bicameral legislature (House of Lords and the House of
Commons)
3. w/ the Hundred Years’ War Parliament gained the “power of the purse”
4. Could insist that the monarch give in to their demands in order to gain the power
to tax
5. It became a check on the monarch’s power
France
The Capetains
Hugh Capet (r.987-996)
• was elected to be king
• Him and his heirs slowly increased their power
– Made the throne hereditary
– Added to their lands by playing rival nobles against
eachother
– Won the support of the Church
– Built an effective bureaucracy
• Govt officials collected taxes and imposed royal law
over the king’s domain
• Added to their presitge and gained the backing of the
new middle class of townspeople
France
The Capetains
Louis VII (r. 1137-1180)
• Married Eleanor of Aquitaine
• Was madly in love with her, thus she easily manipulated him
• Went on a crusade (2nd) and took E. with him
– Afraid she would cheat on him
– While in Antioch: rumors of her and her uncle
– While in Jerusalem: rumors of her and a Moorish slave
– Afterward the marriage was annulled (March 21, 1152)
– Eleanor then married Henry Plantagenet, Duke of Anjou
(future Henry II of England)
• Louis remarried to Alix of Champagne who produced a son
France
The Capetains
Philip II Augustus (r. 1180-1223)
• Married @ age 12 to Isabella, daughter of the Count of Hainault
– Had a son future Louis VIII
– Died in 1190
• In 1193, @ age 25, decided to remarry to Ingeborg, daughter of the King
of Denmark
– During the marriage ceremony realized he felt no desire for her
– So he shut her up in a nunnery and then in several prisons
• Fell desperately in love with Agnes of Meran (German Princess)
– Married her & committed bigamy and adultery
– She produced a son (considered illegitimate)
– He was excommunicated, then an interdict was placed on France
– So he got rid of Agnes and brought back Ingeborg
• Once Ingeborg died, he remarried Agnes
France
The Capetains
Philip II Augustus (r. 1180-1223)
• Strengthened royal government
–
–
–
–
Used paid middleclass officials who would owe their loyalty to him
Granted charters to many new towns
Organized a standing army
Introduced a new national tax
• Quadrupled royal land holdings
–
–
–
–
Trickery, diplomacy, war
Held Richard I for ransom
Took English ruled lands in Normandy, Anjou (John)
Began to take over southern france
• His son, Louis VIII married Blanche of Castile, granddaughter to Eleanor
of Aquitaine
France
The Capetains
Louis IX (Saint Louis, r. 1226-1270)
• Became king @ age 12, mother acted as Regent (Blanche)
• 1234, married Margaret of Provence
– Margaret resented Blanche
– Fought in the Crusades
– Louis loved her
– Prevented him from abdicating to become a Dominican monk
– She had total influence over her husband
• He was deeply religious
– Persecuted heretics and Jews
– Led thousands of French knights in two wars against the Muslims
• Impoved royal government
– Sent out roving officials to check on local officials
– Expanded royal courts
– Outlawed private wars
– Ended serfdom in his lands
– Heard cases himself under a tree in the royal park
– Created a strong national feeling among his subjects
France
The Capetains
Louis IX (Saint Louis, r. 1226-1270)
Philip III (r. 1270-1285)
Philip IV (r. 1285-1314)
• Clashes with the Pope
–
–
–
–
–
–
Tried to collect taxes from the clergy
Pope Boniface VIII forbade Philip to tax the clergy without papal consent
Philip threatened to arrest any clergy who did not pay
Philip sent troops to seize Boniface
Boniface escaped but was so traumatized that he died
Philip moved the papal court to Avignon
The Estates General
• 1302, the Estates General was established
• Representatives from all three classes (or estates)
• Clergy—pray
• Knights—fight
• Everyone else—work
• Never gained the power of the purse as in England
Holy Roman Empire
936, Duke Otto I took the title King of
Germany
• Appointed bishops in top government jobs
• Took an army into Italy to help the pope
defeat rebellious Roman nobles
• 962, Otto was crowned Emperor
• His successors took the title Holy Roman
Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
936, Duke Otto I took the title King of
Germany
German Emperors
• Claimed authority over much of central and
eastern Europe as well as parts of France
and Italy
• Real rulers of these lands were the
emperor’s vassals (German princes)
• Emperor could not control them
Holy Roman Empire
Pope Gregory VII (Cluniac Reforms pope)
• Determined to make the Church independent of secular
rulers
• Banned the practice of lay investiture (when the king
chooses the bishops)
• Gregory believed that only the pope should have the
authority to chose bishops not secular rulers
HREmperor Henry IV
• HRE Henry IV was mad by Gregory’s reforms
• Bishops were also vassals to the emperor in their own
rights because the emperor granted fiefs to them with
their position
• German vassals supported the pope as a way to combat
Henry
Holy Roman Empire
1076, Gregory excommunicated Henry and was planning on
crowning a new emperor
• Henry was forced to make peace due to revolts at home
• Jan 1077, stood outside in the snow and begged for
Gregory’s forgiveness (G had to give it)
• Gregory lifted the excommunication and Henry returned to
Germany
Concordat of Worms
• Struggle over investiture dragged on for almost 50 years
• 1122, Concordat of Worms (compromise)
• The Church had the sole power to elect and invest
bishops with spiritual authority
• The Emperor had the right to invest bishops with fiefs
Italy
Frederick Barbarossa
• HRE Frederick I wanted the wealthy cities of northern Italy
• Italian merchants and pope joined forces in the Lombard
League and defeated Frederick’s forces @ the battle of
Legano
• Arranged a marriage between his son Henry and Constance,
heiress to Sicily and southern Italy
Frederick II
• Son of Henry and Constance
• Also failed to capture northern Italy
Effects on Germany and Italy
• German nobles grew independent while Frederick was in
Italy
• Southern Italy and Sicily were destroyed due to efforts to
dislodge Frederick’s heirs
The Height of Church Power
Pope Innocent III (1198)
• Claimed supremacy over all other rulers
• Believed it was God, pope, rulers
• King John of England (excommunicated, interdict)
• Philip II of France (excommunicated, interdict)
• Frederick II of HRE (arranged that Frederick would inherit
the throne)
• 1209, launched the Albigensian Crusade in southern France
– Wanted to purify the Church and return to the simple ways of early
Christianity
– 10s of thousands of people were slaughtered
• Papacy was not put under “royal” control until Philip IV of
France (beating up Boniface)
The Crusades
Alexius I asked Pope Urban II for help against the Turks
• Purpose of the Crusades was to recapture the Holy Land
from the Turks (who were Muslim)
• 1095, Council of Clermont: Urban incited the bishops and
nobles to action
• Pope’s motives
– Hope to increase his power in Europe
– Hope to heal the schism b/w Roman Catholics & Orthodox Christians
– Hope for peace w/I Europe (3rd sons)
• Solder’s Motives
–
–
–
–
–
–
Religious zeal “God wills it!”
Full indulgence for their sins
Guaranteed salvation (entry into heaven)
Hope to win land and wealth
Escape troubles at home
Adventure
The Crusades
1st
•
•
•
Crusade (1096-1099)
No kings
French, Norman, Italian Dukes and Counts
Outcome
– Christians captured Edessa & Antioch (1098)
– Christians captured Jerusalem (1099)
– Massacre of Jews and Muslims living in Jerusalem
• More than 70,000 Muslims in the Al-Aqsa Mosque
• Jews were burned alive in their synagogue
2nd Crusade (1147-1149)
• Kings this time
• Louis VII of France, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Conrad III of Germany
• Outcome: Muslims captured Edessa and Damascus
3rd Crusade (1189-1192)
• Kings of England, France, Germany (Richard the Lion Heart, Philip II)
• Outcome
– Failed
– Compromise between Richard and Saladin
• Muslims retained control of Jerusalem
• City would be open to Christian pilgrims
The Crusades
1st Crusade (1096-1099)
2nd Crusade (1147-1149)
3rd Crusade (1189-1192)
4th Crusade (1204)
• Attack against Constantinople
• Venetians
• Latin rule for 50 years
1291, Muslims overran all the crusader states and recaptured the last Christian outpost at
Acre
Effects of the Crusades
• Religious hatred b/w Europeans and Byzantium
• Economic Expansions
– Increase of trade
– Encouraged growth of a money economy
• Increased power for Monarchs
– Rulers won new rights to levy taxes to pay for Crusades
– Led the crusades which increased their prestige
• Papal power was at its height
• A wider woldview
The Reconquista (Spain)
Crusading spirit carried over into Spain
Reconquista—campaign to drive Muslims out of Spain
1085, captured the city of Toledo
By 1300, controlled the entire Iberian peninsula except for
Granada
Ferdinand & Isabella
• 1469, Spain became unified with the marriage of Isabella
of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon
•
•
•
•
•
1492, Granada fell
Determined to bring religious and political unity to Spain
Under Muslim rule—toleration
This was ended
Inquisition—church court to try people of heresy
A Time of Crisis
Bubonic Plague
Avignon Papacy (1305-1378)
• 1296, Pope Boniface VIII stated that monarchs could not tax
the clergy
• 1302, Boniface stated that monarchs are subject to the pope
• 1303, King Philip IV of France ordered Boniface’s arrest,
imprisonment, death
• Election of Pope Clement V (French)
• 1309, Clement moved the papal court to Avignon, France
• Remained there for 70 years (Babylonian Captivity, Avignon
Papacy)
–
–
–
–
–
All French popes
Lavish courts
Sucker for $, high culture, luxurious
Critics lashed out
Growth of anti-clergy sentiment
A Time of Crisis
Bubonic Plague
Avignon Papacy (1305-1378)
• 1378, Pope Gregory VI returned to Rome on a visit and died
there
• Italians demand an Italian pope “We want a Roman” during
conclave
• Cardinals are fearful of a revolt so they elect an Italian (Pope
Urban VI)
• Urban moved the papal court back to Rome
• French cardinals went back to Avignon and claimed that the
election of Urban was invalid due to intense pressure to
elect and Italian
• They hold their own election (Pope Clement VII, French)
A Time of Crisis
Bubonic Plague
Avignon Papacy (1305-1378)
2nd Great Schism (1378-1417)
• Two papal courts, two college of cardinals (Rome &
Avignon)
– Supporters of Urban (italian)—most Italian states, England, HRE,
Portugal
– Supporters of Clement (French)—France, Castile, Navarre, Scotland
• 1409, Council of Pisa to try and resolve the schism
– Urban and Clement refused to step down
– Council elected another pope (Alexander V)
• 1417, Council of Constance ended the crisis
– All popes were declared invalid
– Council elected Martin V
– Attempted to deal with heresies that had developed during this period
A Time of Crisis
Bubonic Plague
Avignon Papacy (1305-1378)
2nd Great Schism (1378-1417)
New Heresies
• Popular preachers challenged the church’s power
• John Wycliffe, an Oxford professor, attacked Church corruption
– The bible was the source of all Christian truth
– His followers began to translate the bible into English so that people
could read it themselves rathan than rely on clergy
– Czech students carried it to Bohemia under Jan Hus
– Wycliffe and his followers were persecuted and Hussites
– Tried for preaching heresies
& burned at the stake
A Time of Crisis
Bubonic Plague
Avignon Papacy (1305-1378)
2nd Great Schism (1378-1417)
New Heresies
The Hundred Years’ War(1337-1453)
•
•
England v. France
Causes
– Edward III of England claimed the French crown in 1337
– War erupted
– Economic rivalry and a growing sense of national pride made it hard for either side to
give up
•
English victories
– English had a string of victories (Crecy, Poitiers, Agincourt)
– Longbow
– Took a heavy toll on French morale
•
Joan of Arc
– Visions from God, able to lead armies
– Taken captive
– Accused of witchcraft, burned at the stake
A Time of Crisis
“new” 14th century warfare
“classic” medieval warfare
Small scale
Yearly
No destruction of property
Mass destruction of property
“professional” soldiers (born, trained, chivalric) Mercenaries
Short term
Long-term
Non-combatants were not hurt
Non-combatants were hurt
Technology (longbow, canon)
A Time of Crisis
Bubonic Plague
Avignon Papacy (1305-1378)
2nd Great Schism (1378-1417)
New Heresies
The Hundred Years’ War(1337-1453)
• Effects
– France: growing sense of national feeling, French kings were
allowed to expand their powers
– England: Parliament’s power of the purse was increased due to
the monarch’s continual asking for funds
– Common soldiers were given a new importance on the battle field
and undermined the value of armored knights
– Castles and knights were doomed to disappear due to firepower
– Monarchs needed large armies, not vassals to fight their wars