Transcript Computer History

‫گارگاه کامپيوتر‬
‫!‪History‬‬
‫تهيه كننده‪ :‬علي برادران هاشمي‬
Computer Definition
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A Computer is a device that is capable of solving
problems or manipulating data by accepting data
as input, performing prescribed operations both
mathematical and logical on the data, and then
supplying the results of these operations.
A Computer (Computer System) denotes
a set of computer hardware and computer
software that is used as a single unit.
Computer History
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First Generation (1940s to 1959): Vacuum tubes
Second Generation (1950s-65): Transistors
Third Generation (late 1950s -71):
Integrated Circuits
Fourth Generation (1971-Present):
Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI)
Fifth Generation (1981-2000): VLSI
Japanese 5th-Generation Computer Project
Sixth Generation (From 1980s):
Artificial Neural Networks
1st Generation Computing
(1945-1955)
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Mostly hard wired vacuum
tube machines
1 user and 1 task
different binary-coded
program called a machine
language
Pre-Operating System
ENIAC
IBM 709 (IBM's first
generation of big
scientific vacuum tube
computers –1959)
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ENIAC
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Electronic Numeral Integrator And Computer
University of Pennsylvania
Consisting of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000
resistors and 5 million soldered joints
160 kilowatts !!
general-purpose computer
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Instructions and Data both in memory.
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
(EDVAC) designed by Von Neumann
First Computer Bug
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2nd Generation Computing
(1955-1965)
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1955 introduced the transistor
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Punched card era
Magnetic tapes
Introduction of batch systems
Minimal Operating System tasks
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Introduction of separation of
system designers and operators
system compilers
system loaders
2nd Generation Computing
(1955-1965)
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IBM 7094
IBM 1401
2nd Generation Computing
(1955-1965)
Early Batch System Operation
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2nd Generation Computing
(1955-1965)
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Programmer produced
punched card
collection (PCC)
Multiple PCC’s were
transferred to tape
Tape was run on
mainframe
Output printed after
all jobs complete
3rd Generation Computing
(1965-1980)
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Integrated Circuit (IC) (1958)
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Introduction of basic OS concepts
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multiple jobs in memory at the same time
Becoming smaller & more general purpose
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Monitor and keyboard
Magnetic disk
Birth of Unix
Move to standardized hardware
Multiprogramming gained over batch
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semiconductor
multiple jobs in memory at the same time
Most computing done on Mainframes
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birth of the minicomputer (e.g. DEC PDP-11)
3rd Generation Computing
(1965-1980)
Cray 23
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Cray 29
3rd Generation Computing
(1965-1980)
IBM System 360 (360 degrees)
•Standard data format
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3rd Generation Computing
(1965-1980)
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Multiprogramming
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many jobs in memory at once
scheduling became important (1 CPU)
4th Generation Computing
(1980 - Present)
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go down - in size
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very large scale
integration (VLSI)
Growth of the microcomputer
(PC)
Widespread use of general
purpose single user systems
Timesharing and GUI
environments
Introduction of DOS
IBM PC 1
4th Generation Computing
(1980 - Present)
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DOS
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originally produce by Tim Paterson at Seattle
Computer Products
bought then modified by Bill Gates and Tim
Paterson to become MS-DOS
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added BASIC
packaged with IBM’s PC 1
Lead to the development of Windows in
1985
4th Generation Computing
(1980 - Present)
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ASCI White
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Most powerful computing platform ever
built!
12.3 TeraOps (12,300,000,000,000
operations per second)
What is a Computer?
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Computers are electronic devices that process
information.
Keys :
1. Data -> Operands
2. Instructions or Operations -> Operators
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Computer classifications
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Flexibility (general or special purpose)
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Purpose (scientific, business )
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Power
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MIPS (Millions Instructions Per Seconds)
MFLOPS (Mega Floating-point Operations Per Second)
Classification by size
1. Supercomputers
2. Mainframes
3. Workstations
4. Microcomputers
5. Microcontrollers
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Supercomputers
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priced from $500,000 to more than $85
million
thousands of processors
CRAY-1, CRAY-2, CRAY-3
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Switching time
Heat
IBM ASCI White
Mainframes
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cost $5000 - $5 million
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Terminal : means often used to
access a mainframe
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vary in size from small, to medium, to
large, depending on their use
a display screen and a keyboard
No process
Price
Special requirements (power, airconditioning)
VP2400 mainframe
Mini computers and Work Stations
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Mini Computers
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Multi user
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DEC, IBM, HP
Workstations
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but usually as dedicated computer
expensive, powerful computers
usually used for complex scientific,
mathematical, and CAD/CAM
Micro Computers
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Also called personal computers
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Cost $500 - $5000
Laptop computers
Sony tower PC
Micro Computers
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PDA - also called handheld computers or
palmtops
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personal organization tools
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schedule planners,
address books
to-do lists--with
send e-mail and faxes.
Well-known makers of PDAs include Palm,
Handspring, Sony, and Compaq.
Micro controllers
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also called embedded computers.
Tiny, specialized microprocessors
installed in “smart” appliances and
automobiles.
The most important definition
Software/Hardware
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Hardware
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Software
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All the machinery and equipment in a
computer system
All the instructions (programs) that tell the
computer how to perform a task
Software/Hardware (Another def.)
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Computer Hardware
The collection of equipment (keyboard, screen,
printer, diskette drive, hard disk drive, central
processing unite, memory and so on) along with
all of the components that connect these
equipment together.
Computer Software
All programs (operation system, application
software, operating environment) that
govern the operation of computer and
make the hardware run.
basic operations
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1.
Input
2.
Processing
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Storage
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Output
5.
Communications
Keyboard
Mouse
Processing
Processing
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Case or system cabinet –
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the manipulation a computer does to
transform data into information.
the box that houses the processor chip (CPU),
the memory chips,
the motherboard with power supply
some secondary storage devices.
iMac !?
Case
Processing Cont.
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Processor chip –
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A tiny piece of silicon that contains
millions of miniature electronic circuits.
Also called the CPU (Central Processing
Unit).
Also known as RAM (Random Access
Memory).
Represent primary storage or temporary
storage.
Hold data before processing and
information after processing.
Memory chips
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Storage
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Primary storage (memory)
Computer circuitry that temporarily holds
data waiting to be processed
Secondary storage (storage)
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The area in the computer where data or
information is held permanently
Storage Cont.
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Byte - 1 character of data
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Kilobyte - 1024 characters
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Megabyte - 1024 KBytes
Gigabyte - 1024 MBytes
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Terabyte - 1024 GBytes
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Storage Cont.
Floppy disk
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Floppy-disk drive - a storage
device that stores data on
removable 3.5-inchdiameter diskettes.
Zip-disk drive - a storage
device that stores data on
floppy-disk cartridges with
70-170 times the capacity
of the standard floppy.
Zip disk
Storage Cont.
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Hard-disk drive - a
storage device that
stores billions of
characters of data on
a nonremovable disk.
Hard-disk drive
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Storage Cont.
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CD (Compact Disk) drive
DVD (Digital Video Disk) drive - a storage
device that uses laser technology to read
data from optical disks.
Outputs
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Output hardware
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Peripheral device
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any component or piece of
equipment that expands a
computer’s input, storage, and
output capabilities.
Sound card
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devices which translate info
processed by the computer into
a form that humans can
understand.
enhances the computer’s soundgenerating capabilities by
allowing sound to be output
through speakers.
Outputs Cont.
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Monitor - the display device
that takes the electrical
signals from the video card
and forms an image using
points of colored light on
the screen.
Printer - an output device
that produces text and
graphics on paper.
Outputs Cont.
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Modem - a device
that sends and
receives data over
telephone lines to and
from computers.
Put all the hardware together and…
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Any Question?
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