Transcript MEMORY s09=PwrPt

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Weight: three pounds
Design: most complex matter in the
universe.
Functions: through a combination of
numerous processes and systems
working together seamlessly.
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How is information coded in neural activity?
How are memories stored and retrieved?
What does the baseline activity in the brain represent?
How do brains simulate the future?
What are emotions?
What is intelligence?
How is time represented in the brain?
Why do brains sleep and dream?
How do the specialized systems of the brain integrate
with one another?
10. What is consciousness?
David Eagleman, DISCOVER Magazine
http://discovermagazine.com/2007/aug/unsolved-brain-mysteries/article_view?b_start:int=2&-C=
We never forget!
Do you believe that?
MEMORY: storage
Automated tape robot: 1 Terabyte of memory
How much data is that?
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Bytes (8 bits)
0.1 bytes: A single yes/no decision;1 byte: One character
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Kilobyte
1,024 bytes; 210; Joke; (very) short story
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Megabyte
1,048,576 bytes; 220; Small novel
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Gigabyte
1,073,741,824 bytes; 230; Paper in the bed of a pickup;
symphony in hi-fi sound; broadcast quality movie
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Terabyte
1,099,511,627,776 or 240; Automated tape robot;
all the X-ray films in a large technological hospital; 50,000 trees made into paper & printed
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Petabyte
1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes or 250
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Exabyte
1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes or 260; 5 Exabytes: All words ever spoken by human beings.
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Zettabyte
1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 bytes or 270
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Yottabyte
1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 bytes or 280
"Robert Birge (Syracuse University) who studies the storage of data in
proteins, estimated in 1996 that the capacity of the human brain was between
one and ten terabytes, with a most likely value of 3 terabytes. Such estimates
are generally based on counting neurons and assuming each neuron holds 1
bit. Current estimates of brain capacity range from 1 to 1000 terabytes! Also,
the brain has better algorithms for compressing certain types of information
than computers do." http://www.sizes.com/people/brain.htm
When will computer hardware match the human brain?
Journal of Evolution and Technology. 1998. Vol. 1 (Received Dec. 1997)
Hans Moravec , Robotics Institute ,Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890, USA
web: http://www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/~hpm
“The processing power and memory capacity necessary for AI machines
to match general intellectual performance of the human brain is ..
predicted to be available in cheap machines in the 2020s.
Understanding Memory
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Storing information properly:
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The brain’s information retrieval system:
association, repetition , rehearsal &
mnemonic devices - “every good boy does fine?
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Without rehearsal or use, information is forgotten.
Memory Exercise
TIONINRSHPLEOEMUOLLECRAMAZIIXFOONZRGIAINTAOYAMF
Take a sheet of paper and write down those letters in the order they appeared.
Organization helps you
maximize recall of information.
3 Types of Memory
1. Sensory memory: gathered from 5 senses
2. Short-term (working) memory: limited to 5 – 9
separate facts
3. Long-term memory: you can store & retrieve
anything.
The true art of
memory is the
art of attention.
Samuel Johnson
Get Organized
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4.
Get motivated
Reduce interference
Be selective
Intend to remember
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Understand thoroughly what is to be
remembered and memorized.
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Determine what is to be memorized verbatim.
(repeat/review/rehearse)
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Create an interest in the material.
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Study first the items you want to remember
longest.
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Over learn to make certain.
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Analyze material and strive to intensify the
impressions the material makes.
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There is no subject that is inherently boring.
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Make your own applications, examples, and
illustrations.
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Reduce the material to be remembered to your own
self-made system or series of numbered steps.
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Represent the idea graphically.
Form a variety of associations.
Teach it to someone else.
Write out examination questions.
Follow suggestions for reviewing.
5. Learn from the general to the specific
TOPIC
a
3
2
1
b
a
b
a
b
Get Active
1. Move around in your environment
2. Use graphics:
• Draw
• Visualize
3. Use flash cards
4. Read, write, recite, review
5. ARC tutoring
Use graphic organizers:
A
B
http://www.graphic.org/concept.html
TOPIC
Venn Diagram
C
Double Cell Diagram
B
A
C
Matrix
Which was the worst war in history?
Cluster Diagram
Casualties
Vietnam
World War I
World War II
Damage to
Places
Long Term
Damage to
Society
“Add immense leverage to what you do
by doing it again and again. Give great
strength to your actions by persistently
repeating them.”
Ralph Marston
Enhancing Memory Through Comprehension
SQ3R
Cornell System
Note-taking
MNEMONICS
COOP LEARNING
Surveying
Textbooks
Lecture
Notes
Lecture or
Textbook Notes
Studying With
Groups
SURVEY
RECORD
JINGLES
QUESTIONING
QUESTION
REVIEW
SENTENCES
COMPARING
READ
REDUCE
ACRONYMNS
DRILLING
RECITE
ASK
QUESTIONS
REVIEW
REVIEW
STORY LINES BRAINSTORM
SHARING
Using Mnemonic Devices
(neh-mon-ick)
1. ACRONYMS:
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LASER:
light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
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NATO:
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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SCUBA:
self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
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RSVP:
"repondez s'il vous plait“, FR
Mnemonics (contd.)
2. Mediation:
A type of mnemonic device in which you form
associations linking two items with a third:
Peso
“pay-so”
One pays with money
Mnemonics (contd.)
3. Forming unusual exaggerated associations:
Flashbulb memories (where were you when…?)
The Benefits of Exercise
• Stimulates the senses
• Releases stress
• Improves sleep
• Enhances digestion
• Maintains strength
•All of the above positively impact memory.
The The
Benefits
of Exercise:
contd.
Benefits
of Exercise
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Some evidence suggests that exercise is
particularly effective for short-term memory.
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20-minute daily walks may improve memory
performance.
Pace Yourself
1. Distribute learning
2. Over-learn
3. Use daylight
4. Got attitude?
5. Combine memory techniques
6. Avoid short-term memory lapse
7. Review
Procrastination
Recognize self-defeating problems:
fear and anxiety
difficulty concentrating
poor time management
indecisiveness and perfectionism
Identify your own goals:
strengths and weaknesses, values and priorities
Are your actions consistent with your values?
Set realistic goals
Getting Motivated:
• Nurture and develop enthusiasm and motivating self-talk
• Set clear and achievable goals
• Use strategies that support your learning efforts
• Be Proactive and not Re-active. They make things happen!
• Get positive!
• Decide that you and your future are worth making the investment
NOW!
• Realize that every hour wasted today will significantly decrease your
career success and earning potential later.
Manage time wisely
Set priorities.
Study in small blocks.
Reward yourself.
Modify your environment
Eliminate or minimize noise/ distraction.
Ensure adequate lighting.
Have necessary equipment at hand.
Don't get too comfortable when studying.
A desk and straight-backed chair is usually.
Be neat! Take a few minutes to straighten your desk.
Motivate yourself to study
Expect success
Try to study in small groups.
Break large assignments into small tasks.
Keep a reminder schedule and checklist.
Use It or Lose It!
REVIEW, REVIEW, REVIEW, REVIEW
TUTORING
SUPPLEMENTAL
INSTRUCTION (SI)
LEARNING SKILLS
ASSESSMENT
LEARNING STYLES
ASSESSMENT
LEARNING SEMINARS
ACADEMIC
COUNSELING
TIME MANAGEMENT
JOB APPLICATIONS