Transcript Memory - kochappsych

Memory
What is memory?
The persistence of learning over time via storage
and retrieval of information
Information Processing Model
of Memory
Encoding
(write to file)
Storage
(save to disk)
Retrieval
(read from disk)
Information Processing Model
of Memory
• Encoding
– Processing information into the memory system
(i.e., extracting meaning)
• Automatic vs. Effortful processing
• Visual encoding
– Encoding of picture images
• Acoustic encoding
– Encoding of sound (esp. of words)
• Semantic encoding
– Encoding of meaning (esp. of words) (#1)
Information Processing Model
of Memory
• Storage
– The retention of encoded information over time
• Retrieval
– Process of getting information out of memory
(#2)
Recall vs. Recognition
Person must retrieve
information learned earlier
(ex – fill-in-blank/essay tests)
Measure of memory where
person only has to identify items
previously learned
(ex – multiple choice tests)
Relearning – material once learned can be relearned with
less effort than material not previously learned
Information Processing Model
of Memory
Information Processing Model
of Memory
• Sensory Register
• Immediate, initial recording of sensory info in memory
system – info is either processed or lost
– Iconic
• Visual – eyes register exact representation of scene in
amazing, but fleeting detail (lasts ~ ¼ sec.) (#3)
– Eidetic – “photographic” memory (#4)
– Echoic
• Auditory – hold for 3-6 sec.
How much information can you
hold?
Try to see if you can remember all of the
following numbers
(#5)
736
3795
06935
759354
8340385
02148594
395076395
1793057848
Information Processing Model
of Memory
• Short Term Memory (STM)
– a.k.a. – “working memory”
– Limited capacity, but very accurate type of
memory that lasts from a few seconds to ~ ½ min.
• “Magic number” 7+/-2
– Varies by individual
• Rehearsal – conscious repetition
» Ex. – phone number
– maintain in consciousness
– encode for storage or will be forgotten
» Ebbinghaus – nonsense syllables & relearning
Percentage
who recalled
consonants
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
Time in seconds between presentation
of contestants and recall request
(no rehearsal allowed)
Yet another memory test
Try to remember as much as possible
of the following long string of letters.
When I give you the cue, see how
many you can write down.
(Test #7)
N
B
C
C
I
A
F
B
I
P
B
S
Write down what you remember.
“Chunking”
NBC
CIA
FBI
PBS
Serial Position Test
Listen to the list of words that I will
read aloud. When I give you the cue,
try to write down as many as you can
remember.
(#6)
Serial Position Effect
(Primacy and Recency)
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Nation
Uncle
Valley
Skin
Question
Record
Animal
Roof
Weather
Doctor
Circle
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Friend
Railroad
Shade
Machine
Thought
Gold
Season
Class
Movie
Information Processing Model
of Memory
• Long Term Memory (LTM)
– Relatively permanent, limitless type of memory
• Implicit Memory – without conscious recall
– Procedural – motor/cognitive skills (how to do things)
– Dispositional – classical/operant conditioning
• Explicit (Declarative) Memory – conscious recall
– Semantic – facts, names
– Episodic – personally experienced events
» “flashbulb” memory – clear memory of emotionally
significant moment/event (i.e. JFK, 9/11)
Types of
long-term
memories
Explicit
(declarative)
With conscious
recall
Facts-general
knowledge
(“semantic
memory”)
Personally
experienced
events
(“episodic
memory”)
Implicit
(nondeclarative)
Without conscious
recall
Skills-motor
and cognitive
Dispositionsclassical and
operant
conditioning
effects
Memory Strategies
•Imagery
•Visualization – loci method
•Mnemonics
•Chunking
•Hierarchies
•Overlearning
•“Spacing Effect”
•Multi-sensory
•Elaborate
Elaboration Test
As you see the words, follow the
instruction to either:
-count the e’s
or
-place in a category
At the end, see how many you can
remember and write down.
(Test #8)
Date
Pitcher
Violet
Black
Maine
Wind
Spring
Bridge
Jefferson
Lead
Jam
Rattle
Grass
Marker
Page
Cookie
Bat
Plumber
Chair
Perch
Host
File
Beethoven
Bulb
Rock
Anger
Freud
Giggle
Egg
Notwithstanding
Sorted E’s
Category
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Date
Black
Bridge
Grass
Cookie
Bat
Chair
Host
File
Beethoven
Bulb
Anger
Freud
Giggle
Egg
Pitcher
Violet
Maine
Wind
Spring
Jefferson
Lead
Jam
Rattle
Marker
Page
Plumber
Perch
Rock
Notwithstanding
Retrieval Cues
• Priming
– Activation (usually unconscious) of particular associations in
memory
• ex - Seeing rabbit primes spelling of spoken word as hare, not hair
• Context-Dependent Memory
– More likely to remember things in similar context to when
they were learned
• Mood-congruent memory
– Tendency to remember experiences consistent w/ current mood
• State-dependent memory
How about another memory
test?
I will read a list of words aloud. Try
to remember as many of the words as
possible and write them down when I
give the cue.
(#9)
Did you write the word sleep?…
…It wasn’t in there.
False Memories / Deja Vu
•cues from current situation may subconsciously trigger
retrieval of an earlier, similar experience
Forgetting
•Can be result of failure in encoding, storage, or retrieval
(#10)
Percentage of
60
list retained
50
when
40
relearning
30
20
80% of what we learn is lost within 24 hours
10
without recitation/review
0
•Storage Decay
79% of remaining 20% is forgotten within 26 weeks without recitation/review
We typically lose 85% of what we learn
within 3 months
12345 10
15 20
25
30
Time in days since learning list
Ebbinghaus’ “forgetting curve”
Forgetting
• Disease (i.e. – Alzheimer’s)
• Interference
• Proactive
• Retroactive (#11)
• (Positive Transfer – helpful)
• Distortion or construction
• Chemicals
• Voluntary drugs
• Nicotine (+), caffeine (+)
• Marijuana (-), alcohol (-)
• Involuntary drugs
• Amnesia
• Infantile
• Anterograde
• Retrograde
• Severe trauma
• Repression