Transcript Memory Notes (1)

Memory
Memory
persistence of learning over
time via the storage and
retrieval of information
Flashbulb Memory
a clear memory of an
emotionally significant moment
or event
Memory
Memory as Information Processing
similar to a computer
write to file
save to disk
read from disk
Encoding
the processing of information into the
memory system
Sequence of Information
Processing
Memory
Storage
the retention of encoded
information over time
Retrieval
process of getting information out
of memory
Memory
Sensory Memory
the immediate, initial recording of
sensory information in the memory
system
Working Memory
focuses more on the processing of
briefly stored information
Memory
Short Term Memory
activated memory that holds a few
items briefly
look up a phone number, then quickly
dial before the information is forgotten
Long Term Memory
the relatively permanent and limitless
storehouse of the memory system
A Simplified Memory
Model
Sensory input
Attention to important
or novel information
Encoding
External
events
Sensory
memory
Short-term
memory
Encoding
Long-term
memory
Retrieving
Encoding- Getting
Information In
Encoding
Effortful
Automatic
Encoding
Automatic Processing
unconscious encoding of incidental
information
space
time
frequency
well-learned information
word meanings
Encoding
Effortful Processing
requires attention and conscious
effort
Rehearsal
conscious repetition of information
to maintain it in consciousness
to encode it for storage
What Do We Encode?
Semantic Encoding
encoding of meaning
including meaning of words
Acoustic Encoding
encoding of sound
especially sound of words
Visual Encoding
encoding of picture images
Encoding
Encoding
Imagery
mental pictures
a powerful aid to effortful processing,
especially when combined with semantic
encoding
Mnemonics
memory aids
especially those techniques that use vivid
imagery and organizational devices
Encoding
Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable
units
often occurs automatically
use of acronyms
HOMES- Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
ARITHMETIC- A Rat In Tom’s House Might Eat
Tom’s Ice Cream
Demo: Chunking
Write down as many numbers you can
remember after I have read them aloud.
Bell Activity
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/stm
0.html
Take out a piece of paper. We are about
to take a short term memory test.
Encoding
 Hierarchies
complex information broken down into broad concepts and
further subdivided into categories and subcategories
Encoding
(automatic
or effortful)
Meaning
(semantic
Encoding)
Imagery
(visual
Encoding)
Chunks
Organization
Hierarchies
StorageLong Term Memory
Amnesia- the loss of memory
Explicit Memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can
consciously know and declare
hippocampus- neural center in limbic system that
helps process explicit memories for storage
Implicit Memory
retention without conscious recollection
motor and cognitive skills
dispositions- conditioning
Storage- Long Term
Memory Subsystems
Types of
long-term
memories
Explicit
(declarative)
With conscious
recall
Facts-general
knowledge
(“semantic
memory”)
Personally
experienced
events
(“episodic
memory”)
Implicit
(nondeclarative)
Without conscious
recall
Skills-motor
and cognitive
Dispositionsclassical and
operant
conditioning
effects
StorageLong Term Memory
MRI scan of hippocampus (in red)
Hippocampus
Retrieval- Getting
Information Out
Recall
the ability to retrieve info learned
earlier and not in conscious
awareness-like fill in the blank test
Recognition
the ability to identify previously
learned items-like on a multiple
choice test
Retrieval
Relearning
amount of time saved when
relearning previously learned
information
Priming
activation, often unconsciously,
of particular associations in
memory
Retrieval Cues
Deja Vu- (French) already seen
cues from the current situation may subconsciously
trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience
"I've experienced this before"
Mood Congruent Memory
tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with
one’s current mood
memory, emotions or moods serve as retrieval cues
State Dependent Memory
what is learned in one state (while one is high, drunk or
depressed) can more easily be remembered when in same
state
Forgetting
Forgetting as encoding failure
Information never enters the memory
system
Attention is selective
we cannot attend to everything in our
environment
William James said that we would be as
bad off if we remembered everything as
we would be if we remembered nothing
Forgetting as
Encoding Failure
Attention
External
events
Short- Encoding
Sensory
term
memory Encoding
memory
Encoding
failure leads
to forgetting
Longterm
memory
Forgetting as
Interference (P.O.R.N.)
Learning some items may disrupt
retrieval of other information
Proactive(forward acting) Interference
disruptive effect of prior learning on recall
of new information
Retroactive (backwards acting)
Interference
disruptive effect of new learning on recall
of old information
Forgetting
Sensory memory - the senses momentarily
register amazing detail
Short term memory - a few items are
both noticed and encoded
Long-term storage - Some items
are altered or lost
Retrieval from long-term memory depending on interference, retrieval cues
moods and motives, some things get
retrieved, some don’t
Information bits
ForgettingInterference
Motivated Forgetting
people unknowingly revise history
Repression
defense mechanism that banishes anxietyarousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
Positive Transfer
sometimes old information facilitates our
learning of new information
knowledge of Latin may help us to learn French
Memory Construction
We filter information and fill in
missing pieces
Misinformation Effect
incorporating misleading information
into one's memory of an event
Source Amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event
that we experienced, heard about, read
about, or imagined (misattribution)
Memory Construction
Depiction of actual accident
Eyewitnesses
reconstruct
memories when
questioned
Leading question:
“About how fast were the cars
going when they smashed into
each other?”
Memory
construction
Memory Construction
Memories of Abuse
Repressed or Constructed?
Child sexual abuse does occur
Some adults do actually forget such episodes
False Memory Syndrome
condition in which a person’s identity and
relationships center around a false but strongly
believed memory of traumatic experience
sometimes induced by well-meaning therapists
Eyewitness Testimony
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbARx
iM0W_Q
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtelV9
lmzQc