Transcript On Memory
Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory True or False?? 1. When people go around a circle saying their names, their poorest memories are for what was said by the person just before them. 2. Our experiences are etched on our brain, just as the grooves on a tape receive and retain recorded messages. 3. Although our capacity for storing information is large, we are still limited in the number of permanent memories we can store. 4. The hour before sleep is a good time to commit information to memory. Recall vs Recognition Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Lazy Pop Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach Shorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy P-Diddy The Answers • Research suggests the order, from most likely to least likely recalled is as follows: – – – – – – – Sleepy Dopey Grumpy Sneezy Happy Doc Bashful Seven Dwarfs and STM • Now, turn over the sheet and recall the names of the seven dwarfs on the back of the sheet Memory •Memory – persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information Memory •Encoding – the processing of information into the memory system •Storage – the retention of encoded information over time •Retrieval – process of getting information out of memory Ebbinghaus and Memory •Systematic and controlled study of memory in laboratory H. Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) Ebbinghaus and Memory • Ebbinghaus – Used nonsense syllables: TUV ZOF GEK MONUL WAV FALEM – the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2 Ebbinghaus’ Retention Curve Time in minutes taken to relearn list on day 2 20 15 10 5 0 8 16 24 32 42 53 Number of repetitions of list on day 1 64 Ebbinghaus and Forgetting Curve • Most forgetting occurs right after learning – approx. 50% in first 40 min • Relationship between delay and forgetting not linear Ebbinghaus and Memory •Other important findings – Beneficial effects of distributed practice for repetitions (ie., ‘spacing effect’) – List-length effect Encoding •Automatic Processing •Effortful Processing Encoding Effortful Automatic Types of Encoding •Encoding Meaning •Acoustic Encoding •Visual Encoding Encoding Aids •Meaning (semantics) •Imagery •Mnemonics – memory aids – E.g., ‘peg-word’ system Encoding Aids •Mnemonics – Method of loci Encoding Aids •Chunking –organizing items into familiar, manageable units –use of acronyms •HOMES-Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior Remember as many of the following numbers as you can: •1776198514922004 •1776198514922004 Remember as many of the following letters as you can: •XIBMSATMTVPHDX •X IBM SAT MTV PHD X Encoding Aids •Hierarchies – Organization of knowledge under narrower concepts/headings •Rehearsal – conscious repetition of information Memory Storages •Sensory •Short term (working memory) •Long term The Modal Memory System Stage 1: Sensory Memory • Iconic memory was demonstrated in Sperling’s classic experiment, and lasts about 1/3 second • Echoic memory • Iconic and echoic memory systems may allow us to experience the world as a continuous stream Stage 1: Sensory Memory Stage 2: Short-Term Memory •Short-Term Memory – limited in duration and capacity – George Miller’s “magical” number 7 +/- 2 Stage 2: Short-Term Memory Percentage who recalled consonants 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Rapid decay with no rehearsal 3 6 9 12 15 18 Time in seconds between presentation of contestants and recall request (no rehearsal allowed) Stage 3: Long-Term Memory • Rajan Mahadevan’s Amazing Memory – Memorized first 30,000 numbers of PI • Solomon Shereshevskii – “What a crumbly yellow voice you have.” – Would “feel” images, “taste” colors, and “smell” sounds Stage 3: Long Term Memory Long Term Memory Systems • Explicit memory involves conscious effort • Implicit memory occurs without deliberate effort Explicit Memory • Explicit memory involves the processes used to remember specific information which can be declared • Episodic memory is personal • Semantic memory involves knowledge of facts Implicit Memory • Implicit memory is the pervasive process by which people show without awareness that they are remembering something • Implicit memory does not require attention and is automatic • Consider “procedural memory” • Repetition priming Retrieval •Recall – retrieve information learned earlier •Recognition – identify items previously learned Retrieval Cues •Reminders of information we could not otherwise recall •Guides to where to look for info – Context Effects •Priming – the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory Retrieval: Priming Retrieval: State Dependence Percentage of words recalled 40 30 20 10 0 Water/ land Land/ water Different contexts for hearing and recall Water/ water Land/ land Same contexts for hearing and recall Retrieval •Mood-Congruent Memory – tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood Forgetting •Interference – Proactive (forward-acting) Interference – Retroactive (backwards-acting) Interference Interference and Forgetting Interference and Forgetting Percentage of syllables recalled 90% Without interfering events, recall is better 80 After sleep 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 After remaining awake 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hours elapsed after learning syllables 8 Amnesia • Retrograde Amnesia – Loss of past memory • Anterograde Amnesia – Can’t form new memories Anterograde Amnesia Demonstration •Take out paper and pen… How many of you remembered… •Flame •Smoke •Fire??? •Bed •Snore •Sleep??? Flashbulb Memories: Where were you when… •Brown & Kulik – JFK assassination •Neisser & Harsch – Challenger explosion study Are traumatic memories accurate? •Generally accepted theory: – Central facts remembered more accurately – Peripheral details inaccurate and often fabricated in later stories Eyewitness Testimony Method: Show video of car accident 2 conditions: “hit” vs. “smash” Results: Broken glass? No, but one week later: “smashed” = 33% yes “hit” = 14% yes False Memories •Loftus – Imagination inflation – Mall study •Leo – Suspects found to make false confessions during police interrogations Attention and Memory •Attention: internal processes used to focus our awareness on a subset of perceptual information •Attention affects what we remember Cocktail Party Phenomenon Cocktail Party Phenomenon •Studied in labs using the dichotic listening technique – Two different messages presented, one in each ear – Participants later asked to recall information, or sometimes have to “shadow” the words presented to one ear “Much of intelligent behavior depends on successfully managing your attention. For example, while driving a car, you might devote most of your attention to the conversation, but if the traffic gets bad or if you have to look for a particular street, you might shift you attention more to the driving…” CHAIR LEOPARD SNOW TISSUE COFFEE GRASS CHURCH CHAIR LEOPARD Selective Attention: Recognition Test Circle the words that you think were on the list that was presented to your unattended ear. tiger tree snow igloo leopard coffee church wine carrot grass chair mail book temple novel tissue Biology of Memory •Karl Lashley (1950) – trained rats to solve maze, then cut out pieces of their cortex and retested their memory of maze – partial memory retained Biology of Memory • Lashley found beer to have same effects as cortex removal on rat maze performance Biology of Memory •Hippocampus – Involved in explicit memory •Cerebellum – Involved with implicit memory – Skills, conditioning, procedural memory Improve Your Memory • Study repeatedly to boost recall • Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material • Make material personally meaningful • Use mnemonic devices – associate with peg words--something already stored – chunk information into acronyms • Study in spaced intervals Improve Your Memory • Activate retrieval cues--mentally recreate situation and mood • Minimize interference • Test your own knowledge – to rehearse it – to determine what you do not yet know