Transcript memory - appsychologysmilowitz

Chapter 7
Memory
Memory is the process by
which we recollect prior
experiences, information
and skills learned in the
past
Types of memory
Episodic Memory
Memory of a specific
event
Semantic Memory
General
knowledge
memory
Implicit Memory
Skills or procedure
memory
Take out a piece of paper
Name the Seven Dwarves
Difficulty of Task
• Was the exercise easy or difficult.
It depends on what factors?
•Whether you like Disney movies
•how long ago you watched the movie
•how loud the people are around you when
you are trying to remember
Turn your paper over.
Now pick pick out the seven
dwarves.
Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy
Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy
Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful
Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop
Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach
Snorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy
Stubby Poopy
Seven Dwarves
Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful
The Memory process
• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval
Encoding
• The processing of information into the
memory system.
Typing info into a computer
Getting a girls name at a party
Encoding exercise
Types of Encoding
• Semantic Encoding: the encoding
of meaning, like the meaning of
words
•Acoustic Encoding: the encoding
of sound, especially the sounds of
words.
•Visual Encoding: the encoding of
picture images.
Which type works best?
Storage
• The retention of encoded material over
time.
Pressing Ctrl S and
saving the info.
Trying to remember her name
when you leave the party.
Tip-of-tongue phenomenon
• A belief that
• Example: The name
information is
of the actor who
stored in memory
played the villain in
however we can not
the last Dark
retrieve it
Knight movie who
I think is really
good looking
Retrieval
• The process of getting the information out
of memory storage.
Finding your document
and opening it up.
Seeing her the next day
and calling her the wrong
name (retrieval failure).
Context Dependent memory
• It helps to put yourself back
in the same context you
experienced (encoded)
something.
• If you study on your
favorite chair at home, you
will probably score higher if
you also took the test on the
chair.
State dependent memory
• Memory retrieval is • We usually recall
experiences that
better of we are in
are consistent
the same state or
with our current
mood
mood. Emotions,
or moods, serve
as retrieval cues.
Stress and Memory
• Stress can lead to
the release of
hormones that have
been shown to
assist in LTM.
• Similar to the idea
of Flashbulb
Memory.
Flashbulb Memory
Ruters/ Corbis
A unique and highly emotional moment may
give rise to a clear, strong, and persistent
memory called flashbulb memory. However,
this memory is not free from errors.
President Bush being told of 9/11 attack.
Types of Memory
• Sensory Memory:
• Short-Term Memory
• Long-Term Memory
Sensory Memory
• The immediate, initial recording of sensory
information in the memory system.
• Stored just for an instant, and most gets
unprocessed.
Sensory Memories
The duration of sensory memory varies for the
different senses.
Iconic
0.5 sec. long
Echoic
3-4 sec. long
Hepatic
< 1 sec. long
Short-Term Memory
• Memory that holds a few items briefly.
• Seven digits (plus of minus two).
• The info will be stored into long-term or
forgotten.
How do you store things from short-term to long-term?
Rehearsal
You must repeat things over
and over to put them into
your long-term memory.
Memory Effects
1. Spacing Effect: We retain information better
when we rehearse over time.
2. Serial Position Effect: When your recall is
better for first and last items on a list, but
poor for middle items.
Spacing Effect
• We encode better
when we study or
practice over
time.
• DO NOT
CRAM!!!!!
Serial Positioning Effect
• Our tendency to recall best the last and
first items in a list.
Presidents
Recalled
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it
would probably look something like this.
Take out a piece of paper and….
List the U.S. Presidents
The Presidents
Washington
J.Adams
Jefferson
Madison
Monroe
JQ Adams
Jackson
Van Buren
Harrison
Tyler
Polk
Taylor
Fillmore
Pierce
Buchanan
Lincoln
A.Johnson
Grant
Hayes
Garfield
Arthur
Cleveland
Harrison
Cleveland
McKinley
T.Roosevelt
Taft
Wilson
Harding
Coolidge
Hoover
FD.Roosevelt
Truman
Eisenhower
Kennedy
L.Johnson
Nixon
Ford
Carter
Reagan
Bush
Clinton
Bush Jr.
Obama
Chunking
• Organizing items
into familiar,
manageable units.
• Often it will occur
automatically.
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you? Chunk- from Goonies
1492, 1776, 1812, 1941 how about now?
Interference
Learning some new information may disrupt
retrieval of other information.
Types of Retrieval Failure
Proactive Interference
• The disruptive
effect of prior
learning on the
recall of new
information.
If you call your new girlfriend your
old girlfriend’s name.
Types of Retrieval Failure
Retroactive Interference
• The disruptive effect of
new learning on the
recall of old
information.
When you finally remember this
years locker combination, you
forget last years.
Long-Term Memory
• The relatively permanent and limitless
storehouse of the memory system.
The Hippocampus
• Damage to the
hippocampus disrupts
our memory.
• Left = Verbal
• Right = Visual and
Locations
• The hippocampus is the
like the librarian for the
library which is our
brain.
Storage Decay
• Even if we encode
something well, we
can forget it.
• Without rehearsal,
we forget thing
over time.
• Ebbinghaus’s
forgetting curve.
Déja Vu
Déja Vu means “I've experienced this before.”
Cues from the current situation may
unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier
similar experience.
© The New Yorker Collection, 1990. Leo Cullum from
cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved
Déjà Vu
• That eerie sense that you
have experienced something
before.
• What is occurring is that the
current situation cues past
experiences that are very
Is déjà vu really a
glitch in the Matrix? similar to the present oneyour mind gets confused.
Forgetting
Encoding Failure
• We fail to encode the information.
• It never has a chance to enter our
LTM.
Which penny is real?
Did you do better on the first or second dwarf memory
exercise?
Recall v. Recognition
• With recall- you must retrieve the
information from your memory (fill-in-the
blank tests).
• With recognition- you must identify the
target from possible targets (multiple-choice
tests).
• Which is easier?
Rehearsal
Effortful learning
usually requires
rehearsal or conscious
repetition.
http://www.isbn3-540-21358-9.de
Ebbinghaus studied
rehearsal by using
nonsense syllables:
TUV YOF GEK XOZ
Hermann Ebbinghaus
(1850-1909)
Rehearsal
The more times the
nonsense syllables were
practiced on Day 1,
the fewer repetitions
were required to
remember them on Day
2.
Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting:
People unknowingly
revise their memories.
Culver Pictures
Repression: A defense
mechanism that banishes
anxiety-arousing
thoughts, feelings, and
memories from
consciousness.
Sigmund Freud
Motivated Forgetting
Why does is exist?
One explanation is
REPRESSION:
• in psychoanalytic theory,
the basic defense
mechanism that banishes
anxiety-arousing thoughts,
feelings and memories
from consciousness.
Anterograde Amnesia
After losing his hippocampus in surgery, patient
Henry M. (HM) remembered everything before the
operation but cannot make new memories. We call
this anterograde amnesia.
Anterograde
Amnesia
(HM)
Memory Intact
No New Memories
Surgery
Tricks to improve your memory
• Use imagery: mental pictures
Mnemonic Devices use imagery. Like my
“peg word” system or….
"Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums."
Mars, Venus, Earth, Mercury, Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.
Give me some more examples….
Links to examples of mnemonic devices.
Self-Reference Effect
• An example of how we
encode meaning very
well.
• The idea that we
remember things (like
adjectives) when they
are used to describe
ourselves.
Peg-word system
Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids.
Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery in
aiding memory.
Method of Loci
List of Items
Imagined Locations
Charcoal
Pens
Bed Sheets
Hammer
.
.
.
Rug
Backyard
Study
Bedroom
Garage
.
.
.
Living Room
Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking
information to remember it.
HOMES = Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses, Exponent, Multiply, Divide, Add, Subtract
ROY G. BIV = Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet
Improving Memory
1. Study repeatedly to boost long-term recall.
2. Spend more time rehearsing or actively
thinking about the material.
3. Make material personally meaningful.
4. Use mnemonic devices:



associate with peg words — something already
stored
make up a story
chunk — acronyms
Improving Memory
5. Activate retrieval cues — mentally recreate
the situation and mood.
6. Recall events while they are fresh — before
you encounter misinformation.
7. Minimize interference:
1.
2.
© LWA-Dann Tardiff/ Corbis
Test your own knowledge.
Rehearse and then determine what you do not
yet know.