Transcript Introduction to Earth Science

Introduction to Earth Science
What is Earth Science?
Earth Science
the name for the
group of sciences
that deals with
Earth and its
neighbors in space.
Branches of Earth
Science
Oceanography
Study of the oceans such
as marine life, seafloor
features, composition of
seawater, and the
movement of water
Meteorology
Study of the atmosphere
and the process that
produce weather and
climate
Astronomy
Study of the universe
and space
Geology
Study of the Earth
Parts of Geology
Physical Geology
• examination of the
material that makeup the Earth
Historical Geology
• understanding
Earth’s history and
the physical and
biological changes
that occurred in the
past
Earth’s Major Spheres
Hydrosphere
All the water on Earth
Atmosphere
Earth’s gaseous envelope
Geosphere
Earth below the hydrosphere
and atmosphere
3 parts: Core, Mantle, and
Crust
Biosphere
All living things on Earth
Determining
Locations
Global Grids
Latitude
• distance north or south
of the equator (east
and west circles around
the globe)
Longitude
• distance east or west of
the prime meridian (run
north or south on a
globe)
How is the Earth divided?
Equator, 0˚latitude,
divides Earth into northern
and southern hemispheres
Prime Meridian,
0˚longitude, passes
through Greenwich,
England divide the Earth
into western and eastern
hemispheres
Projection Maps
Mercator Map
Lines of longitude
are parallel
Grids are
rectangular
Directions are
accurate
Distorts sizes and
distances on the
map
Robinson
Map
Most widely
used map
Distances,
sizes, and
shapes are
accurate
Conic Map
Made by
wrapping a
cone paper
around a
Globe
Used to make
road maps
and weather
maps
Gnomonic
Map
Distances and
directions are
distorted
Allows sailors to
navigate the
oceans
Topographic Maps
Represents Earth’s 3-D
surface in 2-D
Shows elevations of the land
Uses contour lines that
indicates elevations
Contour intervals indicate the
differences in elevation between
adjacent contour lines
The scale is when a certain
distance on the map is equal to
a certain distance at the surface
Ex: 1:24,000 means 1 unit on a
map equals 24,000 units on the
ground
What is Environmental Science?
Used for things that focus on
the relationships between
people and the natural
environment
Examples of Nonliving Factors
Affected:
Water
Air
Soil
Rock
Temperature
Humidity
Sunlight
Resources
Renewable
Can be replenished
over relatively short
time span
Plants, food, water,
wind, and the sun
Nonrenewable
Cannot be
replenished easily
(takes millions of
years to replenish)
Oil, natural gas, coal
Population Growth
Earth’s population is
growing rapidly
Graph is a “J” curve
showing exponential
growth
Environmental
Problems
Caused by Humans
Air pollution
Acid rain
Ozone depletion
Global warming
Loss of fertile soil
Contamination and
depletion of water
resources
Natural HazardsCaused by nature
Earthquakes
Mud slides
Flooding
Hurricanes
Tornadoes
Droughts
Scientific Inquiry
Hypothesis
Stating a possible explanation
Educated guess
Theory
Extensive tested hypothesis
and widely accepted by the
scientific community
Still can be proven wrong
Law
99 % true
Law of Gravity
Steps to the Scientific Method
Problem/question
What do you want to know
Research
Learn about the topic
Hypothesis
Experiment
Test the hypothesis
Collect Data, measurements, and
observations
Analyze Data
Conclusion
Accept, reject, or modify the
hypothesis
Measurements
Length /Distance
How long something is
Unit
• m, km, cm, mm
tools to measure length:
meter stick or ruler.
Temperature
How much heat an object has
(Molecular motion)
Unit
• C˚, F ˚, K
Tools - Thermometer
Mass
how much matter is in
the object
Unit
• g, kg, mg
Tools – balances, triple
beam balance, and
electronic scale
Volume
How much space an object takes
up
Unit
• L, mL, cm³, cc(ml)
Tools: graduated cylinders and
rulers
Volume of a regular object (block)
•Lxwxh
Volume of Liquids
• Use graduated cylinders
Volume of irregular objects (rock)
• Water displacement with a
graduated cylinder
Measurement Cont.
Density
Mass per unit volume
Unit
• g/ml or g/cm³
Formula
• D = m/v
Hint: Density of Water =
1 g/mL